Pulsed electric machine control using tables
A variety of methods, controllers and electric machine systems are described for pulse control of electric machines (e.g., electric motors and generators). To improve the energy conversion efficiency of the machine, pulse control involves determining if the machine should operate in a continuous mode or pulse mode, and if the latter, defining a magnitude, duty cycle, and frequency for the pulses. One or more tables, indexing by a wide range of speeds and torque requests, is/are used to define the pulsing frequency or a pulsing frequency pattern.
1. An electric machine controller for controlling pulsing of an electric machine onboard a vehicle, the electric machine controller arranged to:
ascertain a quantity proportional to or a function of a rotational speed of the electric machine;
ascertain a torque request;
obtain a pulsing frequency from a table by indexing the table using the quantity proportional to or a function of the electric machine rotational speed and the torque request; and
control pulsed operation of the electric machine by pulsing the electric machine on and off using the pulsing frequency obtained from the table;
wherein the electric machine controller is arranged to:
determine if the requested torque is within a pulsed control range of the electric machine; and
continuously operate the electric machine in a non-pulsed mode if the requested torque is determined to be outside of the pulsed control range.
2. The electric machine controller of claim 1 , wherein the quantity proportional to or a function of the electric machine rotational speed is a vehicle speed.
3. The electric machine controller of claim 1 , wherein the table is indexed by a range of vehicle speeds along one axis and a range of torque request along a second axis.
4. The electric machine controller of claim 1 , wherein the table is indexed by a range of values derived from vehicle speeds along one axis and a range of torque request along a second axis.
5. The electric machine controller of claim 1 , wherein the table is indexed by a range of values derived from rotation speeds of the electric machine along one axis and a range of torque requests along a second axis.
6. The electric machine controller of claim 1 , wherein the table includes multiple entries that are each indexed by a vehicle speed and a torque request, each of the entries in the table defining at least one pulsing frequency.
7. The electric machine controller of claim 6 , wherein the at least one pulsing frequency is a base frequency and one or more dither frequencies is/are added to the base frequency.
8. The electric machine controller of claim 1 , wherein the table includes multiple entries that are each indexed by a vehicle speed and torque request, at least one of the entries in the table including multiple pulsing frequencies.
9. The electric machine controller of claim 1 , wherein the table includes multiple entries that are each indexed by a vehicle speed and torque request, at least one of the entries in the table including a pattern of pulsing frequencies.
10. The electric machine of claim 1 , wherein the electric machine controller arranged to:
ascertain a level of Noise, Vibration and Harshness (NVH) from non-drivetrain sources; and
modify the pulsing frequency obtained from the table at least partially based on the ascertained non-drivetrain sources of NVH,
wherein the pulsing frequency is modified to a lower frequency.
11. The electric machine of claim 1 , wherein the electric machine controller arranged to:
dither the pulsing frequency obtained from a table; and
control pulsed operation of the electric machine by pulsing the electric machine on and off using one or more dithering frequencies.
12. The electric machine of claim 1 , wherein the electric machine controller is further arranged to:
determine if the requested torque is within a pulsed control range of the electric machine;
determine a magnitude of on pulses of the electric machine if the requested torque is within the pulsed control range of the electric machine;
determine a duty cycle for the on pulses of the electric machine; and
obtain the pulsing frequency of the on pulses.
13. The electric machine of claim 1 , wherein pulsing frequency entries in the table are defined using empirical or modeled data.
14. A method of pulse controlling an electric machine used to propel a vehicle by pulsing the electric machine at a pulsing frequency obtained from a table that is indexed using a combination of a speed value and a requested torque, determining if the requested torque is within a pulsed control range of the electric machine, and continuously operating the electric machine in a non-pulsed mode if the requested torque is determined to be outside of pulsed control range.
15. The method of claim 14 , further comprising:
determining if the requested torque is within a pulsed control range of the electric machine;
determining a magnitude of on pulses for the electric machine if the requested torque is within the pulsed control range of the electric machine;
determining a duty cycle for the on pulses; and
indexing the table to obtain the pulsing frequency for the on pulses.
16. The method of claim 14 , further comprising dithering the pulsing frequency used for pulsing the electrical machine.
17. The method of claim 14 , further comprising lowering the pulsing frequency obtained from the table if non-drivetrain sources of Noise, Vibration and Harshness (NVH) exceed a threshold.
18. The method of claim 14 , further comprising pulsing the electric machine at multiple frequencies obtained from the table that is indexed using the combination of the speed value and the requested torque.
19. The method of claim 14 , further comprising pulsing the electric machine at various frequencies, each of the various frequencies obtained by indexing the table as the speed value and/or the requested torque charges during driving of the vehicle.
20. The method of claim 14 , wherein the speed value is derived from one of the following:
(a) a speed of the vehicle;
(b) a rotational speed of the electric machine; or
(c) a combination of (a) and (b).
21. An apparatus comprising an electric machine and a pulse controller arranged to control pulse operation of the electric machine by pulsing the electric machine at a pulsing frequency obtained from a table that is indexed based on a combination of a speed value and a requested torque, wherein the pulse controller is further configured to:
determine if the requested torque is within a pulsed control range of the electric machine; and
continuously operate the electric machine in a non-pulsed mode if the requested torque is determined to be outside of pulsed control range.
22. The apparatus of claim 21 , wherein the pulse controller is further configured to:
determine if the requested torque is within a pulsed control range of the electric machine;
determine a magnitude of on pulses for the electric machine if the requested torque is within the pulsed control range of the electric machine;
determine a duty cycle for the on pulses; and
index the table to obtain the pulsing frequency for the on pulses.
23. The apparatus of claim 21 , wherein the pulse controller is further configured to dither the pulsing frequency used for pulsing the electrical machine.
24. The apparatus of claim 21 , wherein the pulse controller is further configured to pulse the electric machine using multiple frequencies obtained by indexing the table using the combination of the speed value and the requested torque.
25. The apparatus of claim 21 , wherein the pulse controller is further configured to pulse the electric machine at various frequencies, each of the various frequencies obtained by indexing the table as:
(a) the speed value changes;
(b) the requested torque charges; or
(c) both (a) and (b) change.
26. The apparatus of claim 21 , wherein the electric machine is onboard a vehicle and wherein the speed value is derived from one of the following:
(a) a speed of the vehicle;
(b) a rotational speed of the electric machine; or
(c) a combination of (a) and (b).
27. An electric machine controller for controlling pulsing of an electric machine onboard a vehicle, the electric machine controller arranged to:
ascertain a quantity proportional to or a function of a rotational speed of the electric machine;
ascertain a torque request;
obtain a pulsing frequency from a table by indexing the table using the quantity proportional to or a function of the electric machine rotational speed and the torque request; and
control pulsed operation of the electric machine by pulsing the electric machine on and off using the pulsing frequency obtained from the table;
wherein the table includes multiple entries that are each indexed by a vehicle speed and torque request, at least one of the entries in the table including multiple pulsing frequencies.
28. An electric machine controller for controlling pulsing of an electric machine onboard a vehicle, the electric machine controller arranged to:
ascertain a quantity proportional to or a function of a rotational speed of the electric machine;
ascertain a torque request;
obtain a pulsing frequency from a table by indexing the table using the quantity proportional to or a function of the electric machine rotational speed and the torque request;
control pulsed operation of the electric machine by pulsing the electric machine on and off using the pulsing frequency obtained from the table;
ascertain a level of Noise, Vibration and Harshness (NVH) from non-drivetrain sources; and
modify the pulsing frequency obtained from the table at least partially based on the ascertained non-drivetrain sources of NVH;
wherein the pulsing frequency is modified to a lower frequency.
29. An electric machine controller for controlling pulsing of an electric machine onboard a vehicle, the electric machine controller arranged to:
ascertain a quantity proportional to or a function of a rotational speed of the electric machine;
ascertain a torque request;
obtain a pulsing frequency from a table by indexing the table using the quantity proportional to or a function of the electric machine rotational speed and the torque request;
control pulsed operation of the electric machine by pulsing the electric machine on and off using the pulsing frequency obtained from the table;
determine if the requested torque is within a pulsed control range of the electric machine;
determine a magnitude of on pulses of the electric machine if the requested torque is within the pulsed control range of the electric machine;
determine a duty cycle for the on pulses of the electric machine; and
obtain the pulsing frequency of the on pulses.
30. A method of pulse controlling an electric machine used to propel a vehicle by pulsing the electric machine at a pulsing frequency obtained from a table that is indexed using a combination of a speed value and a requested torque, determining if the requested torque is within a pulsed control range of the electric machine, determining a magnitude of on pulses for the electric machine if the requested torque is within the pulsed control range of the electric machine, determining a duty cycle for the on pulses, and indexing the table to obtain the pulsing frequency for the on pulses.
31. A method of pulse controlling an electric machine used to propel a vehicle by pulsing the electric machine at a pulsing frequency obtained from a table that is indexed using a combination of a speed value and a requested torque and lowering the pulsing frequency obtained from the table if non-drivetrain sources of Noise, Vibration and Harshness (NVH) exceed a threshold.
32. An apparatus comprising an electric machine and a pulse controller arranged to control pulse operation of the electric machine by pulsing the electric machine at a pulsing frequency obtained from a table that is indexed based on a combination of a speed value and a requested torque, wherein the pulse controller is further configured to:
determine if the requested torque is within a pulsed control range of the electric machine;
determine a magnitude of on pulses for the electric machine if the requested torque is within the pulsed control range of the electric machine;
determine a duty cycle for the on pulses; and
index the table to obtain the pulsing frequency for the on pulses.