Pulse modulated control with field weakening for improved machine efficiency
Modulated pulse control of electric machines to deliver a desired output in a more energy efficient manner by either (a) operating the electric machine in a continuous mode when a requested torque demand is greater than the peak efficiency torque of the electric machine or (b) in a pulsed modulation mode when the requested torque demand is less than the peak efficiency torque of the electric machine. When operating in the pulsed modulation mode, the inverter may be deactivated to further improve the system efficiency when field weakening is not required to mitigate or eliminate generation of a retarding torque in situations when Back Electromagnetic Force (BEMF) exceeds a supply voltage for the inverter of the machine.
1. A method comprising:
operating an Electrically Excited Synchronous Machine (EESM) in a pulsed mode; and
applying field weakening to the EESM if back electromagnetic force (BEMF) of the EESM is more than a supply voltage used to excite the EESM.
2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising operating the EESM in the pulsed mode when a demanded request of the EESM is equal to or less than a threshold, wherein the threshold is indicative of a peak efficiency operating percentage or range for the EESM.
3. The method of claim 1 , further comprising operating the EESM in the pulsed mode when a demanded request of the EESM is equal to or less than a threshold, wherein the threshold is indicative of a peak efficiency percentage or range for the EESM, but modified to accommodate one or more of the following:
(a) Noise, Vibration or Harshness (NVH);
(b) slew;
(c) operational losses due to pulsed operation; or
(d) any combination of (a) through (c).
4. The method of claim 1 , further comprising applying no field weakening to the EESM when the BEMF of the EESM is less than the supply voltage.
5. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
operating the EESM in a continuous mode if a received demand exceeds a pulsing threshold; and
applying no field weakening to the EESM when the BEMF of the EESM is less than the supply voltage used to excite the EESM during operation in the continuous mode.
6. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
ascertaining a duty cycle and a magnitude for pulses when operating the EESM in the pulse mode; and
selectively exciting a rotor of the EESM, the rotor of the EESM selectively excited to coincide with the pulses of the EESM when operating in the pulsed mode.
7. The method of claim 1 , further comprising using sigma-delta modulation to modulate pulses when operating the EESM in the pulse mode and selectively exciting a rotor of the EESM, the rotor of the EESM selectively excited to coincide with the modulated pulses of the EESM when operating in the pulsed mode.
8. The method of claim 1 , further comprising preventing or mitigating the EESM from generating a retarding torque when the field weakening is applied to the EESM.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein reducing the flux of the EESM further comprises one of (i) reducing Id current of the stator, (ii) reducing rotor flux by reducing rotor current, or (iii) a combination of (i) and (ii).
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein operating the EESM in the pulsed mode further comprises interspersing: (i) on pulses in which the EESM is generating an output with (ii) off periods between the on pulses in which the EESM is generating little or no output.
11. The method claim 1 , further comprising ascertaining if the EESM should operate in the pulsed mode or a continuous mode based on one of the following:
(a) a received work demand;
(b) a speed of the EESM;
(c) Noise, Vibration and Harshness (NVH);
(d) slew;
(e) operational losses due to operation in the pulsed mode;
(f) one or more of (a) through (e) relative to a threshold; and
(g) any combination of (a) through (f).
12. The method of claim 1 , further comprising using either an algorithm or one or more efficiency map(s) or table(s) to ascertain if the EESM should operate in the pulsed mode or a continuous mode.
13. The method of claim 1 , further comprising deactivating a power inverter, which provides phased power to and excites a rotor of the EESM, between on pulses when the BEMF is less than the supply voltage.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein applying the field weakening to the EESM if further comprises reducing flux of the EESM.
15. The method of claim 14 , wherein reducing the flux of the EESM further comprises one of (i) reducing Id current of the stator, (ii) reducing rotor flux by reducing rotor current, or (iii) a combination of (i) and (ii).
16. An Electrically Excited Synchronous Machines (EESM) assembly configured to:
selectively operate in a pulsed mode in which an output of the EESM assembly is pulsed; and
apply field weakening when the EESM assembly is operating in the pulsed mode and a back electromagnetic force (BEMF) of the EESM assembly exceeds a supply voltage used to excite the EESM assembly.
17. The EESM assembly of claim 16 , further comprising an inverter configured to use the supply voltage to provide (a) multi-phase current to a stator of the EESM, and (b) DC current to a rotor of the EESM.
18. The EESM assembly of claim 16 , further comprising a decision module configured to:
receive a work demand for the EESM assembly;
operate the EESM assembly in a continuous mode if the received work demand exceeds a threshold; and
operate the EESM assembly in the pulsed mode if the received work demand is less than the threshold.
19. The EEMS assembly of claim 16 , further comprising a decision module configured to decide to operate the EESM assembly in a continuous or the pulsed mode, the decision module relying on one of the following in making the decision:
(a) a received demand output for the EESM assembly;
(b) a peak efficiency percentage or range of the EESM assembly;
(c) Noise, Vibration and Harshness;
(d) slew;
(e) operational losses due to pulsed operation; or
(f) any combination of (a) through (e).
20. The EEMS assembly of claim 16 , further comprising a decision module configured to provide one or more signals to an inverter of the EESM assembly indicative of either continuous operation or pulse operation.
21. The EESM assembly claim 20 , wherein the one or more signals is/are indicative of a duty cycle for on pulses when operating the EESM assembly in the pulse mode.
22. The EESM assembly of claim 21 , wherein the inverter, during the pulsed mode operation, turns on and off both (a) multi-phase current provided to a stator of the EESM assembly, and (b) DC current provided to a rotor of the EESM assembly.
23. The EESM assembly claim 16 , further comprising a field weakening module to either (a) apply the field weakening when the BEMF of the EESM assembly exceeds the supply voltage or (b) not apply the field weakening when the BEMF is less than the supply voltage.
24. The EESM assembly claim 16 , further comprising a sigma-delta modulation module configured to use sigma delta modulation to control pulsing of the EESM assembly during the pulsed mode operation.
25. The EESM assembly claim 16 , further arranged to also apply field weakening during continuous operation of the EESM assembly when the BEMF of the EESM assembly exceeds the supply voltage.
26. The EESM assembly claim 16 , wherein applying the field weakening further comprises reducing flux of the EESM.
27. The EESM assembly of claim 26 , wherein reducing the flux of the EESM further comprises one of (i) reducing Id current of the stator, (ii) reducing rotor flux by reducing rotor current, or (iii) a combination of (I) and (ii).
28. An electric vehicle, comprising:
an Electrically Excited Synchronous Machine (EESM);
a controller configured to:
ascertaining a torque demand;
ascertaining Noise, Vibration, and Harshness (NVH) associated with operation of the electric vehicle; and
decide to operate the EESM in a continuous mode or a pulsed mode based at least partially on a combination of (a) the ascertained torque demand relative to a threshold and (b) the ascertained NVH of the electric vehicle.
29. The electric vehicle of claim 28 , wherein the threshold factors in one or more of the following:
(c) a peak efficiency percentage or range of the EESM assembly;
(d) the ascertained NVH associated with the operation of the electric vehicle;
(e) a pulse slew rate associated with operating the EESM in the pulsed mode;
(f) operational losses due to pulsed operation in the pulsed mode; or
(g) any combination of (a) through (f).
30. The electric vehicle of claim 28 , further comprising an inverter configured to (a) provide multi-phase power to a stator of the EESM; (b) DC current to excite a rotor of the EESM; and (c) pulse on and off both (a) and (b) to coincide with a duty cycle of on pulses of the EESM when operating in the pulsed mode.
31. The electric vehicle of claim 28 , wherein the controller is further configured to operate the EESM in the continuous mode if the ascertained torque demand is less than the threshold, but the ascertained NVH of the electric vehicle exceeds an NVH threshold.
32. The electric vehicle of claim 28 , wherein the controller is further configured to operate the EESM in the continuous mode if the ascertained torque demand is more than the threshold.
33. The electric vehicle of claim 28 , further comprising a field weakening module configured to apply field weakening during the pulsed mode operation of the EESM when back electromagnetic force (BEMF) of the EESM exceeds a supply voltage that is used to excite the EESM.
34. The electric vehicle of claim 28 , further comprising a field weakening module to either (a) apply the field weakening when back electromagnetic for (BEMF) of the EESM exceeds a supply voltage used to excite the EESM or (b) not apply the field weakening when the BEMF is less than the supply voltage.
35. The electric vehicle of claim 28 , further comprising a field weakening module configured to apply field weakening during the continuous operation of the EESM assembly when back electromagnetic for (BEMF) of the EESM assembly exceeds a supply voltage used to excite the EESM.
36. The electric vehicle of claim 28 , further comprising a field weakening module to selectively apply the field weakening to the EESM by reducing flux of the EESM.
37. The electric vehicle of claim 36 , wherein reducing the flux of the EESM further comprises one of (i) reducing Id current of the stator, (ii) reducing rotor flux by reducing rotor current, or (iii) a combination of (i) and (ii).
38. The electric vehicle of claim 28 , wherein the controller further comprises a sigma-delta module configured to use sigma-delta modulation to control pulsing of the EESM in the pulsed mode.