Use of mineral fines to reduce clinker content of cementitious compositions
Mineral fines are used to reduce clinker content in concrete, mortar and other cementitious compositions, typically in combination with one or more pozzolanically active SCMs. Mineral fines can replace and/or augment a portion of hydraulic cement binder and/or fine aggregate. Mineral fines can advantageously replace a portion of cement binder and fine aggregate, acting as an intermediate that fills a particle size void between the largest cement particles and smallest fine aggregate particles. Supplemental lime can advantageously maintain or enhance balance of calcium ions in the mix water and/or pore solution. Supplemental sulfate can advantageously address sulfate deficiencies caused by high clinker reduction, use of water reducers and/or superplasticizers, and SCMs containing aluminates. Such systematic approach to beneficially using mineral fines, SCMs, lime, and sulfate addresses many issues and permits high clinker reduction with similar or increased strength.
1. A concrete mix comprising mixture products of:
a hydraulic cement selected from the group consisting of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) having a d10 below about 3 μm and a d90 between about 35 μm and about 45 μm, alkali-activated cement, and geopolymer cement;
at least one of fine ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) having a D90 between about 15 μm and about 25 μm, fly ash, or natural pozzolan;
mineral fines having a D90 between about 40 μm and about 300 μm;
coarse aggregate;
fine aggregate; and
water.
2. The concrete mix of claim 1 , further comprising at least one of added calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide, or Type S lime.
3. The concrete mix of claim 1 , further comprising at least one of added calcium sulfate anhydrite, calcium sulfate hemihydrate, lithium sulfate, or calcium sulfate dihydrate.
4. The concrete mix of claim 1 , further comprising at least one of a polycarboxylate ether superplasticizer, an amine activator, or a calcium nitrate activator.
5. The concrete mix of claim 1 , wherein the mineral fines are selected from the group consisting of waste aggregate particles or fines, waste or manufactured limestone fines, shale flue dust from manufacturing lightweight calcined shale aggregates, granite fines, stone dust, rock dust, marble dust, mine tailings, pulverized bottom ashes, pulverized metallurgical slags, waste or pulverized shale from shale oil extraction, and waste or pulverized sand from tar sand extraction.
6. The concrete mix of claim 1 , wherein the mineral fines comprise at least one of ground recycled concrete or concrete washout fines.
7. A method of manufacturing hardened concrete, comprising:
providing the concrete mix of claim 1 while freshly mixed;
placing the freshly mixed concrete mix into a shape and/or a mold; and
allowing the concrete mix to harden.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the mineral fines comprise concrete washout fines.
9. The method of claim 7 , further comprising adding at least one of calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide, or Type S lime to the concrete mix.
10. The method of claim 7 , further comprising adding at least one of calcium sulfate anhydrite, calcium sulfate hemihydrate, lithium sulfate, or calcium sulfate dihydrate to the concrete mix.
11. The method of claim 7 , wherein the mineral fines are selected from the group consisting of waste aggregate particles or fines, waste or manufactured limestone fines, shale flue dust from manufacturing lightweight calcined shale aggregates, granite fines, stone dust, rock dust, marble dust, mine tailings, pulverized bottom ashes, pulverized metallurgical slags, waste or pulverized shale from shale oil extraction, and waste or pulverized sand from tar sand extraction.
12. The method of claim 7 , wherein the mineral fines comprise ground recycled concrete.
13. A concrete mix comprising mixture products of:
a hydraulic cement selected from the group consisting of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) having a D10 below about 3 μm and a D90 between about 35 μm and about 45, alkali-activated cement, and geopolymer cement;
a fine pozzolanically reactive supplementary cementitious material having a D90 less than about 25 μm selected from the group consisting of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS), fine fly ash, ultrafine fly ash, silica fume, ground glass, and natural pozzolan;
mineral fines having a D90 between about 40 μm and about 300 μm;
coarse aggregate;
fine aggregate; and
water.
14. The concrete mix of claim 13 , wherein the mineral fines are selected from the group consisting of waste aggregate particles or fines, waste or manufactured limestone fines, shale flue dust from manufacturing lightweight calcined shale aggregates, granite fines, stone dust, rock dust, marble dust, mine tailings, pulverized bottom ashes, pulverized metallurgical slags, waste or pulverized shale from shale oil extraction, and waste or pulverized sand from tar sand extraction.
15. The concrete mix of claim 13 , further comprising at least one of added calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide, Type S lime, calcium sulfate anhydrite, calcium sulfate hemihydrate, lithium sulfate, calcium sulfate dihydrate, or carbon dioxide.
16. The concrete mix of claim 13 , wherein the mineral fines comprise concrete washout fines.
17. A concrete mix comprising mixture products of:
a hydraulic cement selected from the group consisting of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) having a d10 below about 3 μm and a d90 between about 35 μm and about 45 μm, alkali-activated cement, and geopolymer cement;
at least one pozzolan selected from the group consisting of fine ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) having a D90 between about 15 μm and about 25 μm, fly ash, natural pozzolan, or shale flue dust;
mineral fines having a D90 between about 40 μm and about 300 μm selected from the group consisting of waste aggregate particles or fines, waste or manufactured limestone fines, granite fines, stone dust, rock dust, marble dust, mine tailings, pulverized bottom ashes, pulverized metallurgical slags, waste or pulverized shale from shale oil extraction, waste or pulverized sand from tar sand extraction, and concrete washout fines;
coarse aggregate;
fine aggregate; and
water.
18. The concrete mix of claim 17 , further comprising at least one of added calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide, Type S lime, calcium sulfate anhydrite, calcium sulfate hemihydrate, lithium sulfate, calcium sulfate dihydrate, or carbon dioxide.
19. The concrete mix of claim 17 , wherein the mineral fines comprise concrete washout fines.
20. The concrete mix of claim 17 , wherein the mineral fines comprise ground recycled concrete.