Combinatorial cancer immunotherapy
Provided herein are methods and compositions for dynamically controlling and targeting multiple immunosuppressive mechanisms in cancer. Some aspects provide cells engineered to produce multiple effector molecules, each of which modulates a different immunosuppressive mechanisms of a tumor, as well as methods of using the cells to treat cancer, such as ovarian, breast, or colon cancer.
1. A method of treating a human subject having cancer, wherein the method comprises delivering to the subject an engineered human cell in an effective amount to induce an immune response, wherein the engineered human cell comprises:
a) a promoter; and
b) an exogenous polynucleotide sequence comprising an expression cassette described in a formula, oriented from 5′ to 3′, comprising
S1-E1-L-S2-E2
wherein
S1 comprises a polynucleotide sequence encoding a first signal peptide,
E1 comprises a polynucleotide sequence encoding a first effector molecule,
L comprises a linker polynucleotide sequence,
S2 comprises a polynucleotide sequence encoding a second signal peptide,
E2 comprises a polynucleotide sequence encoding a second effector molecule, and
wherein the promoter is operably linked to the expression cassette, the first signal peptide is operably linked to the first effector molecule, and the second signal peptide is operably linked to the second effector molecule,
wherein the engineered human cell is selected from the group consisting of: a mesenchymal stem cell (MSC), natural killer (NK) cell, NKT cell, and macrophage,
wherein
(a) the first effector molecule comprises an IL12p70 fusion protein and the second effector molecule comprises CCL21a, IL7, IL15, IL21, Flt3L, an anti-PD1 antibody, CD40L, or a CXCL10-CXCL11 fusion protein,
(b) the first effector molecule comprises CCL21a, IL7, IL15, IL21, Flt3L, an anti-PD1 antibody, CD40L, or a CXCL10-CXCL11 fusion protein and the second effector molecule comprises an IL12p70 fusion protein,
(c) the first effector molecule comprises IL21 and the second effector molecule comprises CCL21a, IL7, IL15, IL18, an IL12p70 fusion protein, Flt3L, an anti-PD1 antibody, CD40L, or a CXCL10-CXCL11 fusion protein, or
(d) the first effector molecule comprises CCL21a, IL7, IL15, IL18, an IL12p70 fusion protein, Flt3L, an anti-PD1 antibody, CD40L, or a CXCL10-CXCL11 fusion protein and the second effector molecule comprises IL21,
wherein at least one of the first effector molecule and the second effector molecule does not comprise, nor is operably linked to, a transmembrane domain, and
wherein the engineered human cell further comprises a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) or exogenous polynucleotide sequence encoding the same.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the promoter is operably linked to the expression cassette such that the polynucleotides are capable of being transcribed as a single polynucleotide comprising the formula S1-E1-L-S2-E2.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the linker polynucleotide sequence is operably associated with the translation of the first effector molecule and the second effector molecule as separate polypeptides.
4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the linker polynucleotide sequence encodes a 2A ribosome skipping tag or encodes an Internal Ribosome Entry Site (IRES), optionally wherein when the linker polynucleotide sequence encodes a 2A ribosome skipping tag, and the 2A ribosome skipping tag is selected from the group consisting of: P2A, T2A, E2A, and F2A.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the linker polynucleotide sequence encodes a second promoter,
wherein the promoter is operably linked to the expression cassette such that a first polynucleotide comprising the formula S1-E1 is capable of being transcribed, wherein the second promoter is operably linked to the expression cassette such that a second polynucleotide comprising the formula S2-E2 is capable of being transcribed, and wherein the first and the second polynucleotide are separate polynucleotides.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the engineered human cell is a natural killer (NK) cell.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the promoter comprises a constitutive promoter selected from the group consisting of: CMV, EFS, SFFV, SV40, MND, PGK, UbC, hEF1aV1, hCAGG, hEF1aV2, hACTb, heIF4A1, hGAPDH, hGRP78, hGRP94, hHSP70, hKINb, and hUBIb.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the promoter comprises an inducible promoter selected from the group consisting of: minP, NFkB response element, CREB response element, NFAT response element, SRF response element 1, SRF response element 2, AP1 response element, TCF-LEF response element promoter fusion, Hypoxia responsive element, SMAD binding element, STAT3 binding site, inducer molecule responsive promoters, and tandem repeats thereof.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein:
the first signal peptide comprises a native signal peptide native to the first effector molecule; or
the second signal peptide comprises a native signal peptide native to the second effector molecule; or
the first signal peptide comprises a non-native signal peptide non-native to the first effector molecule; or
the second signal peptide comprises a non-native signal peptide non-native to the second effector molecule, respectively; or any combination thereof.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the expression cassette further comprises following E2, an additional exogenous polynucleotide sequence comprising a formula, oriented from 5′ to 3′, comprising:
(L-S-E) x
wherein
S comprises a polynucleotide sequence encoding a signal peptide,
E comprises a polynucleotide sequence encoding an additional effector molecule,
L comprises a linker polynucleotide sequence,
X=1 to 20
wherein the promoter is operably linked to the expression cassette, and wherein for each iteration for a given X, the corresponding signal peptide is operably linked to the respective effector molecule,
optionally wherein one or more of the additional effector molecules comprises a chimeric antigen receptor.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the exogenous polynucleotide sequence comprises one or more viral vector polynucleotide sequences, and wherein the one or more viral vector polynucleotide sequences comprise lentiviral, retroviral, retrotransposon, or adenoviral polynucleotide sequences.
12. A method of reducing tumor volume in a human subject, the method comprising delivering to the subject having a tumor a composition comprising an engineered human cell comprising:
a) a promoter; and
b) an exogenous polynucleotide sequence comprising an expression cassette described in a formula, oriented from 5′ to 3′, comprising
S1-E1-L-S2-E2
wherein
S1 comprises a polynucleotide sequence encoding a first signal peptide,
E1 comprises a polynucleotide sequence encoding a first effector molecule,
L comprises a linker polynucleotide sequence,
S2 comprises a polynucleotide sequence encoding a second signal peptide,
E2 comprises a polynucleotide sequence encoding a second effector molecule, and
wherein the promoter is operably linked to the expression cassette, the first signal peptide is operably linked to the first effector molecule, and the second signal peptide is operably linked to the second effector molecule, and
wherein the engineered human cell is selected from the group consisting of: a mesenchymal stem cell (MSC), natural killer (NK) cell, NKT cell, and macrophage,
wherein
(a) the first effector molecule comprises an IL12p70 fusion protein and the second effector molecule comprises CCL21a, IL7, IL15, IL21, Flt3L, an anti-PD1 antibody, CD40L, or a CXCL10-CXCL11 fusion protein,
(b) the first effector molecule comprises CCL21a, IL7, IL15, IL21, Flt3L, an anti-PD1 antibody, CD40L, or a CXCL10-CXCL11 fusion protein and the second effector molecule comprises an IL12p70 fusion protein,
(c) the first effector molecule comprises IL21 and the second effector molecule comprises CCL21a, IL7, IL15, IL18, an IL12p70 fusion protein, Flt3L, an anti-PD1 antibody, CD40L, or a CXCL10-CXCL11 fusion protein, or
(d) the first effector molecule comprises CCL21a, IL7, IL15, IL18, an IL12p70 fusion protein, Flt3L, an anti-PD1 antibody, CD40L, or a CXCL10-CXCL11 fusion protein and the second effector molecule comprises IL21, and
wherein at least one of the first effector molecule and the second effector molecule does not comprise, nor is operably linked to, a transmembrane domain, and
wherein the engineered human cell further comprises a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) or exogenous polynucleotide sequence encoding the same.
13. A method of inducing an immune response in a human subject, the method comprising administering a therapeutically effective dose of an engineered human cell comprising:
a) a promoter; and
b) an exogenous polynucleotide sequence comprising an expression cassette described in a formula, oriented from 5′ to 3′, comprising
S1-E1-L-S2-E2
wherein
S1 comprises a polynucleotide sequence encoding a first signal peptide,
E1 comprises a polynucleotide sequence encoding a first effector molecule,
L comprises a linker polynucleotide sequence,
S2 comprises a polynucleotide sequence encoding a second signal peptide,
E2 comprises a polynucleotide sequence encoding a second effector molecule, and
wherein the promoter is operably linked to the expression cassette, the first signal peptide is operably linked to the first effector molecule, and the second signal peptide is operably linked to the second effector molecule, and
wherein the engineered human cell is selected from the group consisting of: a mesenchymal stem cell (MSC), natural killer (NK) cell, NKT cell, and macrophage,
wherein
(a) the first effector molecule comprises an IL12p70 fusion protein and the second effector molecule comprises CCL21a, IL7, IL15, IL21, Flt3L, an anti-PD1 antibody, CD40L, or a CXCL10-CXCL11 fusion protein,
(b) the first effector molecule comprises CCL21a, IL7, IL15, IL21, Flt3L, an anti-PD1 antibody, CD40L, or a CXCL10-CXCL11 fusion protein and the second effector molecule comprises an IL12p70 fusion protein,
(c) the first effector molecule comprises IL21 and the second effector molecule comprises CCL21a, IL7, IL15, IL18, an IL12p70 fusion protein, Flt3L, an anti-PD1 antibody, CD40L, or a CXCL10-CXCL11 fusion protein, or
(d) the first effector molecule comprises CCL21a, IL7, IL15, IL18, an IL12p70 fusion protein, Flt3L, an anti-PD1 antibody, CD40L, or a CXCL10-CXCL11 fusion protein and the second effector molecule comprises IL21, and
wherein at least one of the first effector molecule and the second effector molecule does not comprise, nor is operably linked to, a transmembrane domain, and
wherein the engineered human cell further comprises a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) or exogenous polynucleotide sequence encoding the same.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first effector molecule comprises an IL12p70 fusion protein and the second effector molecule comprises CCL21a, IL7, IL15, IL21, Flt3L, an anti-PD1 antibody, CD40L, or a CXCL10-CXCL11 fusion protein.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first effector molecule comprises CCL21a, IL7, IL15, IL21, Flt3L, an anti-PD1 antibody, CD40L, or the CXCL10-CXCL11 fusion protein and the second effector molecule comprises the IL12p70 fusion protein.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first effector molecule comprises IL21 and the second effector molecule comprises IL15.
17. The method of claim 13 , wherein the first effector molecule comprises the IL12p70 fusion protein and the second effector molecule comprises CCL21a, IL7, IL15, IL21, Flt3L, an anti-PD1 antibody, CD40L, or a CXCL10-CXCL11 fusion protein.
18. The method of claim 13 , wherein the first effector molecule comprises CCL21a, IL7, IL15, IL21, Flt3L, an anti-PD1 antibody, CD40L, or a CXCL10-CXCL11 fusion protein and the second effector molecule comprises the IL12p70 fusion protein.
19. The method of claim 13 , wherein the first effector molecule comprises IL21 and the second effector molecule comprises IL15.
20. The method of claim 13 , wherein the engineered human cell is a natural killer (NK) cell.