Multilayer anodes for lithium-based energy storage devices

1. An anode for an energy storage device comprising:

a current collector comprising a metal oxide layer;

a first lithium storage layer overlaying the current collector;

a first intermediate layer overlaying at least a portion of the first lithium storage layer; and

a second lithium storage layer overlaying the first intermediate layer,

wherein the first lithium storage layer is a continuous porous lithium storage layer comprising a total content of silicon, germanium, or a combination thereof, of at least 40 atomic %.

2. The anode of claim 1 , wherein the continuous porous lithium storage layer comprises at least 85 atomic % amorphous silicon, and the continuous porous lithium storage layer has a density in a range of 1.1 g/cm 3 to 2.2 g/cm 3 .

3. The anode of claim 1 , wherein the continuous porous lithium storage layer is a first continuous porous lithium storage layer, the second lithium storage layer is a second continuous porous lithium storage layer comprising at least 85 atomic % amorphous silicon, and the second continuous porous lithium storage layer has a density in a range of 1.1 g/cm 3 to 2.2 g/cm 3 .

4. The anode of claim 1 , further comprising:

a second intermediate layer overlaying at least a portion of the second lithium storage layer; and

a third lithium storage layer overlaying the second intermediate layer.

5. The anode of claim 1 , wherein the first intermediate layer comprises an electrically conductive or semiconductive material.

6. The anode of claim 1 , wherein the first intermediate layer comprises a carbon material.

7. The anode of claim 1 , wherein the first intermediate layer comprises a metal.

8. The anode of claim 7 , wherein the metal is a transition metal.

9. The anode of claim 1 , wherein the first intermediate layer comprises a metal oxide, a metal nitride, a metal oxynitride, a metal sulfide, or a metal oxysulfide.

10. The anode of claim 1 , wherein the first intermediate layer is patterned to include one or more open areas and one or more patterned portions, wherein the first and second lithium storage layers are separated by the one or more patterned portions of the first intermediate layer and in contact with each other in the one or more open areas.

11. The anode of claim 1 , wherein the first intermediate layer has a thickness in a range of about 1 nm to about 100 nm.

12. The anode of claim 1 , wherein the metal oxide layer comprises an oxide of a transition metal.

13. The anode of claim 1 , wherein the metal oxide layer comprises an oxide of nickel or an oxide of titanium.

14. The anode of claim 1 , wherein the metal oxide layer has an average thickness in a range of about 0.02 μm to about 2.0 μm.

15. The anode of claim 1 , wherein the current collector further comprises an electrically conductive layer, and wherein the metal oxide layer is interposed between the electrically conductive layer and the first lithium storage layer.

16. The anode of claim 1 , wherein the first lithium storage layer or the second lithium storage layer has an average thickness of at least 3 μm.

17. The anode of claim 1 , wherein the combined thickness of the first and second lithium storage layers and the first intermediate layer is in a range of 5 μm to 30 μm.

18. A lithium-ion battery comprising the anode of claim 1 and a cathode.

19. The lithium-ion battery of claim 18 wherein the anode is prelithiated and the cathode comprises sulfur, selenium, or both sulfur and selenium.