Multilayer anodes for lithium-based energy storage devices

1. An anode for an energy storage device comprising:

a current collector;

a first lithium storage layer overlaying the current collector;

a first intermediate layer overlaying at least a portion of the first lithium storage layer; and

a second lithium storage layer overlaying the first intermediate layer,

wherein the first lithium storage layer is a continuous porous lithium storage layer comprising a total content of silicon, germanium, or a combination thereof, of at least 40 atomic %,

and wherein the first intermediate layer comprises a first sublayer in contact with an underlying lithium storage layer and a second sublayer overlaying the first sublayer and in contact with an overlying lithium storage layer, the first sublayer having different a chemical composition than the second sublayer.

2. The anode of claim 1 , wherein the first sublayer comprises an electrically conductive metal and the second sublayer comprises a metal oxide and overlays the first sublayer.

3. The anode of claim 1 , wherein the continuous porous lithium storage layer comprises at least 85 atomic % amorphous silicon, and the continuous porous lithium storage layer has a density in a range of 1.1 g/cm 3 to 2.2 g/cm 3 .

4. The anode of claim 1 , wherein the continuous porous lithium storage layer is a first continuous porous lithium storage layer, the second lithium storage layer is a second continuous porous lithium storage layer comprising at least 85 atomic % amorphous silicon, and the second continuous porous lithium storage layer has a density in a range of 1.1 g/cm 3 to 2.2 g/cm 3 .

5. The anode of claim 1 , further comprising:

a second intermediate layer overlaying at least a portion of the second lithium storage layer; and

a third lithium storage layer overlaying the second intermediate layer.

6. The anode of claim 1 , wherein at least one intermediate sublayer comprises an electrically conductive or semiconductive material.

7. The anode of claim 1 , wherein at least one intermediate sublayer comprises a carbon material.

8. The anode of claim 1 , wherein at least one intermediate sublayer comprises a metal.

9. The anode of claim 1 , wherein at least one intermediate sublayer comprises a metal oxide, a metal nitride, a metal oxynitride, a metal sulfide, or a metal oxysulfide.

10. The anode of claim 1 , wherein at least one intermediate sublayer comprises a metalcone.

11. The anode of claim 1 , wherein the first intermediate layer is patterned to include one or more open areas and one or more patterned portions, wherein the first and second lithium storage layers are separated by the one or more patterned portions of the first intermediate layer and in contact with each other in the one or more open areas.

12. The anode of claim 1 , wherein the first intermediate layer has a thickness in a range of about 1 nm to about 100 nm.

13. The anode of claim 1 , wherein the current collector comprises an electrically conductive layer and metal oxide layer, wherein the metal oxide layer is interposed between the electrically conductive layer and the first lithium storage layer.

14. The anode of claim 13 , wherein the metal oxide layer of the current collector comprises an oxide of a transition metal.

15. The anode of claim 1 , wherein the combined thickness of the first and second lithium storage layers and the first intermediate layer is in a range of 5 μm to 30 μm.

16. A lithium-ion battery comprising the anode of claim 1 and a cathode.

17. The lithium-ion battery of claim 16 , wherein the anode is prelithiated and the cathode comprises sulfur, selenium, or both sulfur and selenium.

18. The lithium-ion battery of claim 16 , further comprising a solid-state electrolyte.