Thermo-electric controlled switching circuit
A system on an integrated circuit (IC) chip includes an input terminal and a return terminal, a heater, a thermopile, and a switch device. The heater is coupled between the input terminal and the return terminal. The thermopile is spaced apart from the heater by a galvanic isolation region. The switch device includes a control input coupled to an output of the thermopile. The switch device is coupled to at least one output terminal of the IC chip.
1. A system on an integrated circuit (IC) chip, comprising:
an input terminal and a return terminal;
a heater coupled between the input terminal and the return terminal;
a thermopile spaced apart from the heater by a galvanic isolation region and having a thermopile output, wherein the thermopile is comprised of a plurality of thermoelectric cells, each thermoelectric cell including:
a p-doped region in a substrate, wherein the p-doped region includes first and second p-type extensions through an oxide layer to a second lateral surface of the oxide layer;
an n-doped region in the substrate, wherein the n-doped region includes first and second n-type extensions through the oxide layer to the second lateral surface of the oxide layer;
a first metallic connection coupled to the first p-type extension, wherein the first metallic connection extends into an intermetal dielectric region;
a second metallic connection coupled to the first n-type extension, wherein the second metallic connection extends into the intermetal dielectric region;
first, second and third lateral interconnects within the intermetal dielectric region and laterally displaced from one another, wherein the first lateral interconnect is coupled to the first and second metallic connections, the second lateral interconnect is coupled to the second p-type extension, and the third lateral interconnect is coupled to the second n-type extension; and
a switch device having a control input and a switch output, wherein the control input is coupled to the thermopile output, and the switch output is coupled to at least one output terminal of the IC chip.
2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of thermoelectric cells are configured to provide a primary voltage to activate the switch device responsive to thermal energy received from the heater.
3. The system of claim 2 , wherein the plurality of thermoelectric cells are configured in a range of about 10,000 thermoelectric cells per thermopile to about 150,000 thermoelectric cells per thermopile.
4. The system of claim 2 , further comprising an auxiliary thermopile configured to harvest thermal energy from the switch device, and to provide a secondary voltage to be added to the primary voltage.
5. The system of claim 1 , wherein the heater includes an adjustable resistor configured to have a resistance in a range from about 900 ohms to about 8000 ohms.
6. The system of claim 1 , further comprising a fault circuit configured to monitor an output voltage provided by the switch device when the switch device is activated, and to deactivate the switch device if the output voltage exceeds a voltage threshold.
7. The system of claim 6 , wherein the fault circuit is configured to monitor an output current provided by the switch device when the switch device is activated, and to deactivate the switch device if the output current exceeds a current threshold.
8. The system of claim 1 , wherein the heater is configured to transmit thermal energy to the thermopile through an intermetal dielectric region and through the n-doped region and the p-doped region.
9. The system of claim 8 , wherein the n-doped region and the p-doped region each includes at least one extension coupled to a metallic connection and extending from the respective doped region in a direction toward the heater to facilitate collection of the thermal energy.
10. The system of claim 8 , further comprising a faraday metal layer interposed between the heater and the thermopile and configured to facilitate collection of thermal energy from the heater and to provide an electric field shield for the thermopile and the switch device.
11. The system of claim 8 , wherein the oxide layer is disposed between the intermetal dielectric region and the substrate of the IC chip.
12. The system of claim 1 , wherein the switch device includes a two-terminal field effect transistor (FET), an Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT), a MOS Controlled Thyristor (MCT) or an Integrated Gate-Commutated Thyristor (IGCT).
13. The system of claim 1 , wherein the input terminal and the return terminal are configured to receive an electrical signal to drive the heater.
14. An integrated circuit, comprising:
an input port configured to receive an input signal;
a heat source coupled to the input signal, wherein the heat source is configured to provide thermal energy that propagates across a galvanic isolation region of the integrated circuit in response to the input signal;
a thermopile having a thermopile output, wherein the thermopile is configured to provide a primary voltage output signal at the thermopile output responsive to the thermal energy received from the heat source, and the thermopile is comprised of a plurality of thermopile cells, each thermopile cell including:
a p-doped region in a substrate, wherein the p-doped region includes first and second p-type extensions through an oxide layer to a second lateral surface of the oxide layer;
an n-doped region in the substrate, wherein the n-doped region includes first and second n-type extensions through the oxide layer to the second lateral surface of the oxide layer;
a first metallic connection coupled to the first p-type extension, wherein the first metallic connection extends into an intermetal dielectric region;
a second metallic connection coupled to the first n-type extension, wherein the second metallic connection extends into the intermetal dielectric region;
first, second and third lateral interconnects within the intermetal dielectric region and laterally displaced from one another, wherein the first lateral interconnect is coupled to the first and second metallic connections, the second lateral interconnect is coupled to the second p-type extension, and the third lateral interconnect is coupled to the second n-type extension; and
a switch device having a gate input, wherein the gate input is coupled to the thermopile output, and the switch device is configured to turn on or turn off an output port responsive to the primary voltage output signal exceeding a threshold voltage.
15. The integrated circuit of claim 14 , further comprising an auxiliary thermopile configured to harvest heat from the switch device, and to provide a secondary voltage output signal that is added to the primary voltage output signal.