Gel electrolyte composition for a battery and a method of implementation
A method can include: receiving a gel electrolyte precursor solution comprising a polymeric precursor (such as monomers or oligomers), an initiator, and a plasticizer; adding the gel electrolyte precursor solution to a battery stack; wetting the battery stack with the gel electrolyte precursor solution; and curing the gel electrolyte precursor to form a covalently bonded gel electrolyte network interspersed throughout the battery stack.
1. A method for forming a gel electrolyte battery comprising:
receiving a first gel precursor solution comprising a plasticizer and a polymer precursor;
receiving a second gel precursor solution comprising a solvent and a polymerization initiator;
mixing the first gel precursor solution and the second gel precursor solution to form a gel electrolyte precursor with a viscosity between 10 and 50 centipoise;
immediately after mixing, adding the gel electrolyte precursor to a battery;
wetting a cathode, an anode, and a separator of the battery with the electrolyte precursor via pulsed vacuum wetting, wherein a vacuum pressure during each vacuum pulse is at most 0.95 Bar;
at least 6 hours after wetting the cathode, the anode, and the separator of the battery; curing the gel electrolyte precursor by:
fixing the battery with a force between 5-1000 psi; and
heating the gel electrolyte precursor to a temperature between 60-80° C. for between 30 minutes and 24 hours;
wherein after curing the gel electrolyte precursor forms a gel electrolyte throughout the cathode, the anode, and the separator.
2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising before wetting the cathode, the anode, and the separator, tap charging the battery to between 1.5 and 2.2 V.
3. The method of claim 1 , further comprising before curing the gel electrolyte cycling the battery to form a solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layer.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the polymer precursor comprises a urethane acrylate or a urethane methacrylate oligomer.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the plasticizer comprises:
a polar aprotic solvent comprising at least one of ethylene carbonate, fluoroethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, vinylene carbonate, trimethylene carbonate, 1,2-butylene carbonate, 2,3-butylene carbonate, trifluoropropylene carbonate, methylene ethylene carbonate, dioxazolone, hexahydroxybenzene triscarbonate, ethylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride, lactic acid O-carboxyanhydride, tetrahydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone biscarbonate, di-tert-butyl carbonate, di-tert-butyl decarbonate, diethyl carbonate, diethyl pyrocarbonate, dimethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, diallyl carbonate, diphenyl carbonate, methyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) carbonate, bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) carbonate, dimethoxyethane, diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran (oxolane), tetraethoxymethane, tetramethoxymethane, triethyl orthoacetate, triethyl orthoformate, trimethylorthoformate, 2,2-diethoxytetrahydrofuran, methyl formate, ethyl formate, methyl propionate, methyl butanoate, ethyl formate, ethyl acetate, ethyl propionate, propyl formate, propyl acetate, or propyl proprionate; and
a salt comprising at least one of lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium hexafluoroarsenate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium chlorate, lithium 2,3,7,8-tetraoxo-1,4,6,9-tetraoxa-5-boraspiro[4.4]nonan-5-uide, lithium difluorophosphate, lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide, lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, lithium-cyclo-difluoromethane-1,1-bis(sulfonyl)imide, lithium fluoromalonato(difluoro)borate, lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate, lithium tetraoxo-1,4,6,9-tetraoxa-5-boraspiro[4,4]nonan-5-uide, lithium trifluoro[(trifluoromethansulfonylazanidyl)sulfonyl]methane, lithium nitrate, or lithium 2,2-difluoro-4,5-dioxo-1,3,2-dioxaborolane-2-uide.
6. The method of claim 5 , wherein the solvent in the step of receiving a second gel precursor solution is the polar aprotic solvent.
7. A method comprising:
receiving a gel electrolyte precursor solution comprising:
an acrylate oligomer or a methacrylate oligomer comprising a toughening region;
an initiator; and
a plasticizer;
adding the gel electrolyte precursor solution to a battery stack comprising a cathode, an anode, and a separator;
wetting the battery stack with the gel electrolyte precursor solution;
prior to or during wetting the battery stack, tap charging the battery stack to a voltage between 1.5 and 2.2 V; and
curing the gel electrolyte precursor solution to form a covalently bonded gel electrolyte network interspersed throughout the cathode, the anode, and the separator.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein a viscosity of the gel electrolyte precursor is at most 50 cP at 25° C.
9. The method of claim 7 , wherein the covalently bonded gel electrolyte network has an ionic conductivity of at least 0.1 mS/cm at 25° C.
10. The method of claim 7 , wherein the plasticizer comprises:
a polar aprotic solvent comprising at least one of ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, trimethylene carbonate, 1,2-butylene carbonate, 2,3-butylene carbonate, trifluoropropylene carbonate, dioxazolone, hexahydroxybenzene triscarbonate, ethylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride, lactic acid O-carboxyanhydride, tetrahydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone biscarbonate, di-tert-butyl carbonate, di-tert-butyl decarbonate, diethyl carbonate, diethyl pyrocarbonate, dimethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, diallyl carbonate, diphenyl carbonate, methyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) carbonate, bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) carbonate, dimethoxyethane, diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran (oxolane), tetraethoxymethane, tetramethoxymethane, triethyl orthoacetate, triethyl orthoformate, trimethyl orthoformate, 2,2-diethoxytetrahydrofuran, methyl formate, ethyl formate, methyl propionate, methyl butanoate, ethyl formate, ethyl acetate, ethyl propionate, propyl formate, propyl acetate, or propyl propionate; and
a salt comprising at least one of lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium hexafluoroarsenate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium chlorate, lithium 2,3,7,8-tetraoxo-1,4,6,9-tetraoxa-5-boraspiro[4.4]nonan-5-uide, lithium difluorophosphate, lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide, lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, lithium-cyclo-difluoromethane-1,1-bis(sulfonyl)imide, lithium fluoromalonato(difluoro)borate, lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate, lithium tetraoxo-1,4,6,9-tetraoxa-5-boraspiro[4,4]nonan-5-uide, lithium trifluoro[(trifluoromethansulfonylazanidyl)sulfonyl]methane, lithium nitrate, or lithium 2,2-difluoro-4,5-dioxo-1,3,2-dioxaborolane-2-uide.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein the plasticizer further comprises an additive comprising at least one of fluoroethylene carbonate, vinylene carbonate, methylene ethylene carbonate, 3-fluoro-1,3-propanesultone, prop-1-ene-1,3-sultone, trimethyl phosphate, triethyl phosphate, tributyl phosphate, triphenyl phosphate, tris(2,2,2-trifluorethyl) phosphate, bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) methyl phosphate, trimethylphosphite, triethyl phosphite, tributyl phosphite, tris(2,2,2-trifluorethyl) phosphite, dimethyl methylphosphonate, diethyl ethylphosphonate, bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) methylphosphonate, bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) ethylphosphonate, hexamethoxycyclotriphosphazene, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, ethoxy(pentafluoro)cyclotriphosphazene, pentafluoro(phenoxy)cyclotriphosphazene, tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphite, tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphate, or diethyl phenylphosphonite.
12. The method of claim 7 , wherein receiving a gel electrolyte precursor comprises mixing a first solution comprising the plasticizer and the acrylate oligomer or the methacrylate oligomer with a second solution comprising the initiator and a solvent.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the first solution and the second solution are mixed immediately before adding the gel electrolyte precursor solution to the battery stack.
14. The method of claim 12 , wherein the plasticizer comprises the solvent.
15. The method of claim 7 , wherein curing the gel electrolyte precursor comprises thermally curing the gel electrolyte precursor by maintaining a temperature of the gel electrolyte precursor and the battery stack between 6° and 80° C. for between 0.5 and 24 hours.
16. The method of claim 15 , wherein curing the gel electrolyte precursor comprises mechanically fixing the gel electrolyte precursor and the battery stack with a pressure between 5 psi and 1000 psi.
17. The method of claim 7 , wherein the toughening region comprises a functional group capable of dynamic bonding via hydrogen bonding or ion pairing interactions.
18. The method of claim 7 , wherein the covalently bonded gel electrolyte network further comprises at least one functional group that forms an ionic transport network.
19. The method of claim 18 , wherein the at least one functional group comprises at least one functional group selected from: carbonate, ester, ketone, carbamide, carbamate, thiocarbamate, thiocarbamide, thiocarbonate, dithiocarbonate, ether, thioether, imide, imine, epoxide, amide, acid anhydride, nitrile, amidine, cyanate, isocyanate, nitrosooxy, nitro, nitroso, oxime, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, sulfonate ester, sulfone, thiocyanate, isothiocyanate, thioester, or dithiocarboxylic acid ester within a backbone of the acrylate oligomer or the methacrylate oligomer.
20. The method of claim 7 , wherein wetting the battery stack comprises applying a plurality of vacuum pulses to the battery stack, wherein each vacuum pulse of the plurality of vacuum pulses comprises a pressure of at most about 0.95 Bar.
21. The method of claim 7 , wherein wetting the battery stack further comprises aging the battery stack for up to 48 hours before curing the gel electrolyte precursor.
22. A method comprising:
receiving a gel electrolyte precursor solution comprising:
an acrylate oligomer or a methacrylate oligomer comprising a toughening region;
an initiator; and
a plasticizer;
adding the gel electrolyte precursor solution to a battery stack comprising a cathode, an anode, and a separator;
wetting the battery stack with the gel electrolyte precursor solution; and
thermally curing the gel electrolyte precursor solution to form a covalently bonded gel electrolyte network interspersed throughout the cathode, the anode, and the separator by maintaining a temperature of the gel electrolyte precursor and the battery stack between 6° and 80° C. for between 0.5 and 24 hours and mechanically fixing the gel electrolyte precursor and the battery stack with a pressure between 5 psi and 1000 psi.
23. The method of claim 22 , wherein the plasticizer comprises:
a polar aprotic solvent comprising at least one of ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, trimethylene carbonate, 1,2-butylene carbonate, 2,3-butylene carbonate, trifluoropropylene carbonate, dioxazolone, hexahydroxybenzene triscarbonate, ethylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride, lactic acid O-carboxyanhydride, tetrahydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone biscarbonate, di-tert-butyl carbonate, di-tert-butyl decarbonate, diethyl carbonate, diethyl pyrocarbonate, dimethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, diallyl carbonate, diphenyl carbonate, methyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) carbonate, bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) carbonate, dimethoxyethane, diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran (oxolane), tetraethoxymethane, tetramethoxymethane, triethyl orthoacetate, triethyl orthoformate, trimethyl orthoformate, 2,2-diethoxytetrahydrofuran, methyl formate, ethyl formate, methyl propionate, methyl butanoate, ethyl formate, ethyl acetate, ethyl propionate, propyl formate, propyl acetate, or propyl propionate; and
a salt comprising at least one of lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium hexafluoroarsenate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium chlorate, lithium 2,3,7,8-tetraoxo-1,4,6,9-tetraoxa-5-boraspiro[4.4]nonan-5-uide, lithium difluorophosphate, lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide, lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, lithium-cyclo-difluoromethane-1,1-bis(sulfonyl)imide, lithium fluoromalonato(difluoro)borate, lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate, lithium tetraoxo-1,4,6,9-tetraoxa-5-boraspiro[4,4]nonan-5-uide, lithium trifluoro[(trifluoromethansulfonylazanidyl)sulfonyl]methane, lithium nitrate, or lithium 2,2-difluoro-4,5-dioxo-1,3,2-dioxaborolane-2-uide.
24. The method of claim 22 , wherein the toughening region comprises a functional group capable of dynamic bonding via hydrogen bonding or ion pairing interactions.
25. The method of claim 22 , wherein the covalently bonded gel electrolyte network further comprises at least one functional group that forms an ionic transport network.
26. The method of claim 25 , wherein the at least one functional group comprises at least one functional group selected from: carbonate, ester, ketone, carbamide, carbamate, thiocarbamate, thiocarbamide, thiocarbonate, dithiocarbonate, ether, thioether, imide, imine, epoxide, amide, acid anhydride, nitrile, amidine, cyanate, isocyanate, nitrosooxy, nitro, nitroso, oxime, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, sulfonate ester, sulfone, thiocyanate, isothiocyanate, thioester, or dithiocarboxylic acid ester within a backbone of the acrylate oligomer or the methacrylate oligomer.
27. The method of claim 22 , wherein wetting the battery stack comprises applying a plurality of vacuum pulses to the battery stack, wherein each vacuum pulse of the plurality of vacuum pulses comprises a pressure of at most about 0.95 Bar.
28. The method of claim 22 , wherein wetting the battery stack further comprises aging the battery stack for up to 48 hours before curing the gel electrolyte precursor.