Systems and methods for cooling of superconducting power transmission lines
A cooling system includes a coolant transmitter that transmits coolant at a pressure greater than atmospheric pressure. The cooling system also includes an evaporation vessel at atmospheric pressure. The evaporation vessel can contain an amount of coolant at the boiling point of the coolant. The cooling system also includes a pressure reducer fluidically coupled to the coolant transmitter and the evaporation vessel. The pressure reducer can include an orifice. The cooling system is configured such that heat is transferred from the coolant in the coolant transmitter to the coolant contained in the evaporation vessel. An exit stream conduit can fluidically couple the coolant transmitter and the pressure reducer, with the exit stream conduit diverting a portion of the coolant from the coolant transmitter to the evaporation vessel.
1. A method, comprising:
causing a subcooled liquid to flow through a conduit, the subcooled liquid at a pressure greater than atmospheric pressure within the conduit;
diverting a portion of the subcooled liquid into an evaporation vessel, the evaporation vessel at a lower pressure than the conduit such that the portion of the subcooled liquid diverted into the evaporation vessel from the conduit boils upon being diverted from the conduit to the evaporation vessel, the portion of the subcooled liquid diverted from the conduit into the evaporation vessel throttled based on a measurement of a level of boiling liquid in the evaporation vessel;
exposing subcooled liquid remaining in the conduit after diverting the portion of the subcooled liquid into the evaporation vessel to a heat transfer interface while exposing the boiling liquid to the heat transfer interface; and
transferring heat from the subcooled liquid remaining in the conduit to the boiling liquid via the heat transfer interface to reduce the temperature of the subcooled liquid remaining in the conduit.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the subcooled liquid and the boiling liquid include a coolant.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the coolant includes one of liquid nitrogen, liquid hydrogen, liquid natural gas, or a combination thereof.
4. The method of claim 1 , further comprising measuring the level of the boiling liquid in the evaporation vessel via a level sensor.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the level sensor is a ball float level sensor physically coupled to a throttle.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the portion of the subcooled liquid diverted into the evaporation vessel is throttled via restriction of an opening at a terminal end of an exit stream conduit.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein:
the conduit includes a first portion and a second portion, and
the heat transfer interface includes a heat exchanger tube coupling the first portion of the conduit to the second portion of the conduit.
8. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
transferring heat from a power transmission line to the subcooled liquid via walls of the conduit.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the heat transfer interchange includes at least one of a shell-and-tube heat exchanger, a parallel flow heat exchanger, a counter flow heat exchanger, a finned tubular heat exchanger, a single pass heat exchanger, a two pass heat exchanger, a U-tube heat exchanger, a compact heat exchanger, a plate-fin heat exchanger, or a spiral tube heat exchanger.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein
subcooled liquid remaining in the conduit after diverting the portion of the subcooled liquid to a heat transfer interface is exposed to a shell side of a shell and tube heat exchanger; and
boiling liquid in the evaporation vessel is exposed to a tube side of the shell and tube heat exchanger.
11. The method of claim 1 , further comprising measuring the level of the boiling liquid in the evaporation vessel.