Process, apparatus, and system for recovering materials from batteries
A process for recovering materials from a black mass material obtained from lithium-ion batteries can include: i) conveying a black mass material as a black mass solid stream; ii) leaching the black mass solid stream to form a pregnant leach solution and residual solids; iii) separating the pregnant leach solution from the residual solids; iv) isolating a copper product from the pregnant leach solution; v) isolating an aluminum (Al) and/or iron (Fe) product from the pregnant leach solution; vi) isolating a manganese (Mn) product from the from the pregnant leach solution; vii) isolating a cobalt (Co) product from the from the pregnant leach solution; viii) isolating a nickel (Ni) product from the from the pregnant leach solution; ix) isolating a salt by-product from the pregnant leach solution; and x) isolating a lithium product the pregnant leach solution.
1. A process for recovering materials from rechargeable lithium-ion batteries comprising:
i) processing lithium-ion batteries to form a size-reduced feed stream;
ii) separating the size-reduced feed stream into a magnetic product stream and a non-magnetic feed stream;
iii) optionally isolating a ferrous product from the magnetic product stream;
iv) stripping the non-magnetic feed stream with a stripping solvent to form a stripped slurry stream;
v) separating the stripped slurry stream into an oversize solids portion and an undersize stripped slurry stream;
vi) optionally separating the oversize solids portion of the stripped slurry stream into a preliminary aluminum product stream, a preliminary copper product stream, and a plastic product stream;
vii) subjecting the undersize stripped slurry stream to a solid-liquid separation to form a black mass solid stream and recovered stripping solvent;
viii) leaching the black mass solid stream with an acid to form a pregnant leach solution and residual solids;
ix) separating the pregnant leach solution from the residual solids to form a first product stream comprising the residual solids and a second product stream comprising the pregnant leach solution;
x) optionally isolating a graphite product from the first product stream;
xi) isolating a copper product from the second product stream to form a third product stream;
xii) isolating an aluminum (Al) and/or iron (Fe) product from the third product stream to form a fourth product stream;
xiii) isolating a cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), and/or manganese (Mn) product from the fourth product stream to form a fifth product stream;
xiv) isolating a salt by-product from the fifth product stream to form a sixth product stream; and
xv) isolating a lithium product from the sixth product stream.
2. The process of claim 1 , wherein the acid of leaching step viii) comprises sulfuric acid; nitric acid; or hydrochloric acid.
3. The process of claim 2 , wherein the acid of leaching step viii) comprises sulfuric acid.
4. The process of claim 1 , wherein step x) comprises isolating the graphite product via flotation, wherein flotation optionally comprises a first flotation step and a second flotation step.
5. The process of claim 1 , wherein isolating step xi) comprises isolating the copper product stream from the second product stream using at least one of copper ion exchange, copper solvent extraction or precipitation.
6. The process of claim 5 , further comprising depositing Cu 0 from the copper product stream via electrowinning.
7. The process of claim 5 , wherein isolating step xi) comprises copper solvent extraction using an extractant.
8. The process of claim 5 , wherein isolating step xi) comprises precipitation using at least one of sodium hydrosulfide, sodium sulfide, and hydrogen sulfide gas to precipitate copper sulfide.
9. The process of claim 1 , wherein isolating step xv) comprises: a) adding a carbonate to the sixth product stream to precipitate lithium carbonate; then b) adding a hydroxide to the sixth product stream to form a lithium hydroxide solution, and c) evaporative crystallizing the lithium hydroxide solution to form lithium hydroxide monohydrate.
10. A process for recovering materials from a stream comprising black mass solids obtained from lithium-ion batteries, the process comprising:
i) providing a stream comprising the black mass solids, lithium, cobalt, aluminum, manganese, nickel, iron, copper;
ii) leaching the stream with an acid to form a pregnant leach solution and residual solids;
iii) separating the pregnant leach solution from the residual solids;
iv) isolating a copper product from the pregnant leach solution;
v) isolating an aluminum (Al) and/or iron (Fe) product from the pregnant leach solution;
vi) isolating a manganese (Mn) product from the pregnant leach solution;
vii) isolating a cobalt (Co) product from the pregnant leach solution;
viii) isolating a nickel (Ni) product from the pregnant leach solution;
ix) isolating a salt by-product from the pregnant leach solution; and
x) isolating a lithium product from the pregnant leach solution.
11. The process of claim 10 , wherein the acid of leaching step ii) comprises at least one of sulfuric acid; nitric acid; and hydrochloric acid.
12. The process of claim 11 , wherein isolating the copper product from the pregnant leach solution comprises at least one of copper ion exchange, copper solvent extraction, or precipitation.
13. The process of claim 12 , wherein isolating the copper product comprises copper solvent extraction using an extractant.
14. The process of claim 12 , wherein isolating the copper product comprises precipitation using at least one of sodium hydrosulfide, sodium sulfide, and hydrogen sulfide gas to precipitate copper sulfide.
15. The process of claim 10 , wherein step v) comprises isolating the aluminum (Al) and/or iron (Fe) product from the pregnant leach solution by adding a source of hydroxide to the pregnant leach solution to precipitate a Al and/or Fe hydroxide containing product.
16. The process of claim 10 , wherein at isolating steps vi), vii) and viii) comprises:
i. precipitating Co, Ni and/or Mn as a single product; or
ii. isolating separate products of Mn, Co, and Ni.
17. The process of claim 10 , wherein steps vi), vii) and viii) are conducted simultaneously and comprise precipitating a Co, Ni, and/or Mn product stream from the pregnant leach solution by a) adding a source of hydroxide to the pregnant leach solution to form a Co, Ni, and/or Mn mixed hydroxide product, or b) adding a source of carbonate to the pregnant leach solution to form a mixed Co, Ni, and/or Mn carbonate product.
18. The process of claim 10 , wherein step vi) comprises isolating a manganese (Mn) sulfate solution from the pregnant leach solution by solvent extraction.
19. The process of claim 18 , wherein a) a source of carbonate is added to the manganese sulfate solution to precipitate a manganese carbonate product, or b) a source of hydroxide is added to the manganese sulfate solution to precipitate a manganese hydroxide product, or c) evaporative crystallization is used to crystallize a manganese (Mn) sulfate product from the manganese sulfate solution.
20. The process of claim 10 , wherein step vii) comprises isolating a cobalt (Co) sulfate solution from the pregnant leach solution by solvent extraction.
21. The process of claim 20 , wherein a) a source of carbonate is added to the cobalt sulfate solution to precipitate a cobalt carbonate product, or b) a source of hydroxide is added to the cobalt sulfate solution to precipitate a cobalt hydroxide, or c) evaporative crystallization is used to crystallize a cobalt (Co) sulfate product from the cobalt sulfate solution.
22. The process of claim 10 , wherein step viii) comprises isolating a nickel (Ni) sulfate solution from the pregnant leach solution by solvent extraction.
23. The process of claim 22 , wherein a) a source of carbonate is added to the nickel sulfate solution to precipitate a nickel carbonate product, or b) a source of hydroxide is added to the nickel sulfate solution to precipitate a nickel hydroxide, or c) wherein evaporative crystallization is used to crystallize a nickel (Ni) sulfate product form the nickel sulfate solution.
24. The process of claim 10 , wherein isolating step ix) is conducted after steps i)-vii) and uses crystallization to isolate the salt by-product from the pregnant leach solution.
25. The process of claim 10 , wherein isolating step x) comprises:
a) adding a carbonate to the pregnant leach solution to precipitate lithium carbonate; then
b) adding a hydroxide to the pregnant leach solution to form a lithium hydroxide solution, and
c) evaporative crystallizing the lithium hydroxide solution to form lithium hydroxide monohydrate.
26. The process of claim 25 , further comprising purifying the lithium carbonate between steps a) and b) via:
i. converting the lithium carbonate into lithium bicarbonate by the addition of carbon dioxide gas;
ii. purifying the lithium bicarbonate solution using ion exchange; and
iii. steam-treating the purified lithium bicarbonate to remove carbonate dioxide gas and re-form lithium carbonate.
27. The process of claim 26 , further comprising purifying the lithium hydroxide monohydrate between steps b) and c) via:
i. dissolving the lithium hydroxide monohydrate in water; and
ii. recrystallizing the lithium hydroxide monohydrate using a mechanical vapor recompression crystallizer.