IP Library › Granted Patent US 12,747,433
Granted Patent B2
US 12,747,433 · App. 18/866,453 · Granted Sep 29, 2026

Methods and compositions for generating dominant brachytic alleles using genome editing

Inventors: Edward J. Cargill (Chesterfield, MO); Linda A. Rymarquis (High Ridge, MO); Michelle Valentine (Troy, MO)
Assignee: Monsanto Technology LLC
C07K14/415C12N15/8213C12N15/8262C12N15/8271
View Patent ↗
Loading inventors, assignments & file history…
Monitor This Case
Get email alerts when status or documents change.
Order Certified Copies
Most orders are placed with the USPTO same day — all within 24 business hours.
Order via The Patent Place →
Pre-filled with this patent's details
Quick Facts
Patent No.
US 12,747,433
App. No.
18/866,453
Granted
Sep 29, 2026
Kind
B2
Abstract

The present disclosure provides compositions and methods for altering auxin accumulation in corn or maize plants. Methods and compositions are also provided for altering the expression of genes related to auxin efflux through editing or mutagenesis of a brachytic2 (br2) gene to introduce a premature stop codon or a deletion into the gene such that a truncated Br2 protein encoded by the mutant allele of the br2 gene, which may be a dominant or semi-dominant allele, has at least part of a transmembrane domain without a nucleotide binding domain or motif. Modified plant, plant parts and cells having such a mutant allele with reduced or altered expression or activity of a br2 gene product can have improved characteristics, such as reduced plant height and increased lodging resistance, but without off-types in the plant.

Claims (79)

1 . A modified corn plant, plant part or plant cell comprising a mutant allele of an endogenous brachytic2 (br2) gene encoding a truncated Br2 protein, wherein the truncated Br2 protein encoded by the mutant allele of the endogenous brachytic2 (br2) gene comprises a first transmembrane segment that comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 95% sequence identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 28 and a second transmembrane segment that comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 95% sequence identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 29 and does not comprise a Walker A, Q-Loop, ABC Transport, Walker B, D-Loop, or H-Loop motif of a nucleotide binding domain, and wherein the truncated Br2 protein encoded by the mutant allele of the endogenous Zm.br2 gene disrupts the function of a wild-type Br2 protein expressed from an endogenous wild-type Zm.br2 locus, and wherein the mutant allele of the endogenous brachytic2 (br2) gene is dominant or semi-dominant for a shorter plant height and/or improved lodging resistance phenotype or trait relative to an unmodified control plant.

2 . The modified corn plant, plant part or plant cell of claim 1 , wherein:

a) the transmembrane domain of the truncated Br2 protein comprises three transmembrane segments, four transmembrane segments, five transmembrane segments, or six transmembrane segments of the first transmembrane domain;

b) the truncated Br2 protein comprises 3-6 of the first transmembrane domain of a wild-type Zm.Br2 protein or one or more of transmembrane segments 7-12 of a second transmembrane domain of a wild-type Zm.Br2 protein;

c) the truncated Br2 protein comprises a transmembrane domain that comprises amino acids 137-421 of SEQ ID NO: 3;

d) the truncated Br2 protein further comprises a transmembrane domain comprising:

a third transmembrane region that comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 30

a fourth transmembrane region that comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO:31,

a fifth transmembrane region that comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 32, or

a sixth transmembrane region that comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 33,

or any combination thereof;

e) the truncated Br2 protein encoded by the mutant allele of the endogenous brachytic2 (br2) gene further comprises a N-terminal region;

f) the mutant allele of the endogenous Zm.br2 gene comprises a premature stop codon;

g) the mutant allele of the endogenous Zm.br2 gene is made using a mutagenesis or targeted editing technique;

h) the modified corn plant has a shorter plant height and/or an improved lodging resistance phenotype relative to an unmodified control plant;

i) the modified corn plant does not have any significant off-types in at least one female organ or ear;

j) the modified corn plant exhibits essentially no reproductive abnormality;

k) the modified corn plant, plant part or plant cell is homozygous for the mutant allele of the endogenous Zm.br2 gene; or

l) the modified corn plant, plant part or plant cell is heterozygous for the mutant allele of the endogenous Zm.br2 gene.

3 . The modified corn plant, plant part or plant cell of claim 2 , wherein:

a) the transmembrane domain of the truncated Br2 protein comprises a polypeptide sequence that comprises the sequence of amino acids 137-197 of SEQ ID NO: 3, amino acids 137-283 of SEQ ID NO: 3, amino acids 137-307 of SEQ ID NO: 3, amino acids 137-392 of SEQ ID NO: 3, amino acids 137-421 of SEQ ID NO: 3, amino acids 180-283 of SEQ ID NO: 3, amino acids 180-307 of SEQ ID NO: 3, amino acids 180-392 of SEQ ID NO: 3, amino acids 180-421 of SEQ ID NO: 3, amino acids 264-307 of SEQ ID NO: 3, amino acids 264-392 of SEQ ID NO: 3, amino acids 264-421 of SEQ ID NO: 3, amino acids 285-392 of SEQ ID NO: 3, amino acids 285-421 of SEQ ID NO: 3, or amino acids 370-421 of SEQ ID NO: 3;

b) the premature stop codon is present in exon 2 or exon 3 of the mutant allele of the endogenous Zm.br2 gene; or

c) the premature stop codon is present within a genomic sequence of the mutant allele of the endogenous Zm.br2 gene corresponding to nucleotides 1477-2717 or 1477-2609 of SEQ ID NO: 1, nucleotides 1591-2717 or 1591-2609 of SEQ ID NO: 1, nucleotides 1591-2717 or 1591-2609 of SEQ ID NO: 1, nucleotides 1992-2717 or 1992-2609 of SEQ ID NO: 1, nucleotides 2064-2717 or 2064-2609 of SEQ ID NO: 1, 2319-2717 or 2319-2609 of SEQ ID NO: 1, or nucleotides 2495-2717 or 2495-2609 of SEQ ID NO: 1.

4 . The modified corn plant, plant part or plant cell of claim 3 , wherein the truncated Br2 protein comprises a polypeptide sequence that comprises the sequence of amino acids 137-197, 137-283, 137-307, 137-392, or 137-421 of SEQ ID NO: 3.

5 . The modified corn plant, plant part or plant cell of claim 2 , wherein:

a) the mutant allele of the endogenous Zm.br2 gene comprises a deletion of most or all of the genomic sequence of the endogenous Zm.br2 gene encoding a nucleotide binding domain or a deletion of all genomic sequences of the endogenous Zm.br2 gene encoding nucleotide binding domain motifs of the nucleotide binding domain;

b) the mutant allele of the endogenous Zm.br2 gene comprises a deletion of (i) most or all of the genomic sequence of the endogenous Zm.br2 gene encoding a first nucleotide binding domain or all genomic sequences of the endogenous Zm.br2 gene encoding nucleotide binding domain motifs of the first nucleotide binding domain, and (ii) most or all of the genomic sequence of the endogenous Zm.br2 gene encoding a second nucleotide binding domain or all genomic sequences of the endogenous Zm.br2 gene encoding nucleotide binding domain motifs of the second nucleotide binding domain;

c) the mutant allele of the endogenous Zm.br2 gene further comprises a deletion of all or part of the one or more genomic sequences of the endogenous Zm.br2 gene encoding the second transmembrane domain, and/or the C-terminal region of the Zm.Br2 protein;

d) the mutant allele of the endogenous Zm.br2 gene comprises a deletion of all or part of exon 2, intron 2, exon 3, intron 3, exon 4, intron 4, and/or exon 5 of the endogenous Zm.br2 gene; or

e) the truncated Br2 protein has an amino acid length within a range of 175 amino acids and 495 amino acids.

6 . A method for producing a mutant allele of an endogenous brachytic2 (Zm.br2) gene, the method comprising:

(a) generating a double-stranded break (DSB) or nick in the endogenous Zm.br2 gene in a corn cell of an explant using a targeted editing technique; and

(b) selecting a modified corn plant or plant part developed or regenerated from the cell of the explant comprising the mutant allele of the endogenous Zm.br2 gene,

wherein the mutant allele of the endogenous brachytic2 (br2) gene encodes a truncated Br2 protein that comprises a first transmembrane segment that comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 95% sequence identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 28 and a second transmembrane segment that comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 95% sequence identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 29 and does not comprise a Walker A, Q-Loop, ABC Transport, Walker B, D-Loop, or H-Loop motif of a nucleotide binding domain, and wherein the truncated Br2 protein encoded by the mutant allele of the endogenous Zm.br2 gene disrupts the function of a wild-type Br2 protein expressed from an endogenous wild-type Zm.br2 locus, and wherein the mutant allele of the endogenous brachytic2 (br2) gene is dominant or semi-dominant for a shorter plant height and/or improved lodging resistance phenotype or trait relative to an unmodified control plant.

7 . The method of claim 6 , wherein:

a) the targeted editing technique comprises the use of at least one site-specific nuclease;

b) the mutant allele of the endogenous Zm.br2 gene comprises a premature stop codon;

c) the mutant allele of the endogenous Zm.br2 gene comprises a deletion of one or more nucleotides within the coding region of the endogenous Zm.br2 gene; or

d) the target site for introducing the double-stranded break (DSB) or nick in the endogenous br2 gene in a corn cell is downstream of a genomic sequence encoding the first transmembrane segment and the second transmembrane segment of a Zm.Br2 protein encoded by the endogenous br2 gene and upstream of a genomic sequence encoding a first nucleotide binding domain or a Walker A motif of the first nucleotide binding domain of the Zm.Br2 protein.

8 . The method of claim 7 , wherein:

a) the at least one site-specific nuclease is selected from the group consisting of a zinc-finger nuclease, a meganuclease, an RNA-guided nuclease, a TALE-nuclease, a recombinase, a transposase, and any combination thereof; or

b) the at least one site-specific nuclease is a RNA-guided nuclease selected from the group consisting of a Cas9 nuclease or a variant thereof and a Cpf1 nuclease or a variant thereof.

9 . The method of claim 6 , further comprising:

(c) regenerating or developing a corn plant or plant part from the corn cell.

10 . The method of claim 6 , wherein the selecting step (b) comprises selecting a modified corn plant having a shorter plant height and/or an improved lodging resistance phenotype or trait relative to an unmodified control plant.

11 . A method for generating a corn plant comprising:

(a) fertilizing at least one female corn plant with pollen from a male corn plant, wherein said female corn plant or said male corn plant comprises a mutant allele of an endogenous brachytic2 (br2) gene; and

(b) obtaining at least one plant part or seed comprising the mutant allele of the endogenous brachytic2 (br2) gene produced by said fertilizing step (a),

wherein the mutant allele of the endogenous brachytic2 (br2) gene encodes a truncated Br2 protein that comprises a first transmembrane segment that comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 95% sequence identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 28 and a second transmembrane segment that comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 95% sequence identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 29 and does not comprise a Walker A, Q-Loop, ABC Transport, Walker B, D-Loop, or H-Loop motif of a nucleotide binding domain, and wherein the truncated Br2 protein encoded by the mutant allele of the endogenous Zm.br2 gene disrupts the function of a wild-type Br2 protein expressed from an endogenous wild-type Zm.br2 locus, and wherein the mutant allele of the endogenous brachytic2 (br2) gene is dominant or semi-dominant for a shorter plant height and/or improved lodging resistance phenotype or trait relative to an unmodified control plant.

12 . The method of claim 11 , wherein said method further comprises:

(c) growing or developing at least one progeny corn plant comprising the mutant allele from said at least one seed obtained in step (b).

13 . The method of claim 12 , wherein:

a) said at least one progeny corn plant is heterozygous for said mutant allele;

b) said at least one progeny corn plant has a shorter plant height and/or improved lodging resistance relative to a control plant that does not comprise said mutant allele; or

c) said at least one progeny corn plant has a shorter plant height and/or improved lodging resistance relative to said male corn plant and/or said female corn plant.

14 . The method of claim 11 , wherein:

a) said female corn plant does not comprise said mutant allele;

b) said female corn plant is homozygous for said mutant allele;

c) said female corn plant is heterozygous for said mutant allele;

d) said male corn plant does not comprise said mutant allele;

e) said male corn plant is homozygous for said mutant allele;

f) said male corn plant is heterozygous for said mutant allele;

g) said female corn plant is an inbred corn plant or a hybrid corn plant;

h) said male corn plant is an inbred corn plant or a hybrid corn plant;

i) said female corn plant and/or said male corn plant is an elite corn plant;

j) said female corn plant and said male corn plant are grown in a greenhouse or growth chamber;

k) said female corn plant and said male corn plant are grown outdoors or in the field;

l) said female corn plant is a first inbred corn line or variety and said male corn plant is a second inbred corn line or variety, and wherein said first inbred corn line or variety and said second inbred corn line or variety are different and genetically distinct; or

m) said female corn plant has been detasseled or is a cytoplasmically male sterile corn plant.

15 . A method for producing a mutant allele of an endogenous brachytic2 (br2) locus or gene, the method comprising:

(a) generating at least a first double-stranded break (DSB) or nick at or near a first target site and a second DSB or nick at or near a second target site in the endogenous br2 locus or gene in a corn cell using a targeted editing technique; and

(b) identifying at least one corn plant, plant part, plant seed or plant cell developed or regenerated from said corn cell comprising a deletion in the endogenous br2 locus or gene between the first target site and the second target site, wherein the mutant allele of the endogenous brachytic2 (br2) locus or gene encodes a truncated Br2 protein that comprises a first transmembrane segment that comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 95% sequence identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 28 and a second transmembrane segment that comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 95% sequence identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 29 and does not comprise a Walker A, Q-Loop, ABC Transport, Walker B, D-Loop, or H-Loop motif of a nucleotide binding domain, and wherein the truncated Br2 protein encoded by the mutant allele of the endogenous Zm.br2 gene disrupts the function of a wild-type Br2 protein expressed from an endogenous wild-type Zm.br2 locus, and wherein the mutant allele of the endogenous brachytic2 (br2) gene is dominant or semi-dominant for a shorter plant height and/or improved lodging resistance phenotype or trait relative to an unmodified control plant.

16 . A method for producing a mutant allele of an endogenous brachytic2 (br2) locus or gene, the method comprising:

(a) generating a double-stranded break (DSB) or nick at or near a target site in the endogenous br2 locus or gene in a corn cell using a targeted editing technique; and

(b) identifying at least one corn plant, plant part, plant seed or plant cell developed or regenerated from said corn cell comprising a premature stop codon in the coding sequence of the endogenous br2 locus or gene, wherein the premature stop codon in the coding sequence of the endogenous br2 locus or gene results in a truncated Br2 protein that comprises a first transmembrane segment that comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 95% sequence identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 28 and a second transmembrane segment that comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 95% sequence identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 29 and does not comprise a Walker A, Q-Loop, ABC Transport, Walker B, D-Loop, or H-Loop motif of a nucleotide binding domain, and wherein the truncated Br2 protein encoded by the mutant allele of the endogenous Zm.br2 gene disrupts the function of a wild-type Br2 protein expressed from an endogenous wild-type Zm.br2 locus, and wherein the mutant allele of the endogenous brachytic2 (br2) gene is dominant or semi-dominant for a shorter plant height and/or improved lodging resistance phenotype or trait relative to an unmodified control plant.

17 . The method of claim 16 , wherein the method further comprises providing to the at least one corn cell a donor template comprising the premature stop codon.

18 . The method of claim 17 , wherein the donor template further comprises at least one homology arm to direct the integration of a mutation at or near the target site in the endogenous br2 locus.

19 . The method of claim 15 , wherein the method further comprises developing or regenerating at least one corn plant or plant part from the at least one corn cell identified in step (b).

20 . The method of claim 16 , wherein the method further comprises developing or regenerating at least one corn plant or plant part from the at least one corn cell identified in step (b).

Continuity (2)
Provisional Application 63343511 · May 18, 2022
Related Publication 20250320264A1 · Oct 16, 2025
References Cited (328)
US 4368592A · Welch · 1983 [cited by applicant]
US 5159135A · Umbeck · 1992 [cited by applicant]
US 5188958A · Moloney et al. · 1993 [cited by applicant]
US 5322938A · McPherson et al. · 1994 [cited by applicant]
US 5352605A · Fraley et al. · 1994 [cited by applicant]
US 5463174A · Moloney et al. · 1995 [cited by applicant]
US 5510474A · Quail et al. · 1996 [cited by applicant]
US 5538880A · Lundquist et al. · 1996 [cited by applicant]
US 5550318A · Adams et al. · 1996 [cited by applicant]
US 5591616A · Hiei et al. · 1997 [cited by applicant]
US 5641876A · McElroy et al. · 1997 [cited by applicant]
US 5750871A · Moloney et al. · 1998 [cited by applicant]
US 5824877A · Hinchee et al. · 1998 [cited by applicant]
US 5850019A · Maiti et al. · 1998 [cited by applicant]
US 5939539A · Lange et al. · 1999 [cited by applicant]
US 6153812A · Fry et al. · 2000 [cited by applicant]
US 6160208A · Lundquist et al. · 2000 [cited by applicant]
US 6198021B1 · Lange et al. · 2001 [cited by applicant]
US 6372211B1 · Isaac et al. · 2002 [cited by applicant]
US 6380467B1 · Duclos · 2002 [cited by applicant]
US 6384301B1 · Martinell et al. · 2002 [cited by applicant]
US 6399861B1 · Anderson et al. · 2002 [cited by applicant]
US 6420547B1 · Maiti et al. · 2002 [cited by applicant]
US 6429357B1 · McElroy et al. · 2002 [cited by applicant]
US 6723897B2 · Brown et al. · 2004 [cited by applicant]
US 6765133B2 · Koehring · 2004 [cited by applicant]
US 7041874B2 · Johal et al. · 2006 [cited by applicant]
US 7049490B2 · Tanaka et al. · 2006 [cited by applicant]
US 7057088B2 · Tanaka et al. · 2006 [cited by applicant]
US 7138567B2 · Okawa et al. · 2006 [cited by applicant]
US 7154028B2 · Tanaka et al. · 2006 [cited by applicant]
US 7597055B2 · Choulet · 2009 [cited by applicant]
US 8835353B2 · Fugiel et al. · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 8843283B2 · Strelioff et al. · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 9012722B2 · Narva et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 9040774B2 · Ivashuta et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 9303919B2 · Hultgren · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 9309512B2 · Allen et al. · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 9845479B2 · Beghyn et al. · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 10123473B2 · Cavender-Bares et al. · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 10472684B2 · Barten et al. · 2019 [cited by applicant]
US 10724047B2 · Allen et al. · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 10881057B2 · Cannon et al. · 2021 [cited by applicant]
US 11627736B2 · Barten et al. · 2023 [cited by applicant]
US 11632921B2 · Cannon et al. · 2023 [cited by applicant]
US 12492408B2 · Cannon et al. · 2025 [cited by applicant]
US 12527250B2 · Cannon et al. · 2026 [cited by applicant]
US 20020053095A1 · Brown et al. · 2002 [cited by applicant]
US 20020162142A1 · Johal et al. · 2002 [cited by applicant]
US 20030172409A1 · Horn · 2003 [cited by applicant]
US 20030233679A1 · Brown et al. · 2003 [cited by applicant]
US 20040053411A1 · Cullen et al. · 2004 [cited by applicant]
US 20040121321A1 · Brown et al. · 2004 [cited by applicant]
US 20040268441A1 · Vance et al. · 2004 [cited by applicant]
US 20050037988A1 · Zamore et al. · 2005 [cited by applicant]
US 20050064474A1 · Umov et al. · 2005 [cited by applicant]
US 20050144669A1 · Reinhart et al. · 2005 [cited by applicant]
US 20050197253A1 · Stoller et al. · 2005 [cited by applicant]
US 20050251883A1 · Amasino et al. · 2005 [cited by applicant]
US 20060200878A1 · Lutfiyya et al. · 2006 [cited by applicant]
US 20060253933A1 · Brown et al. · 2006 [cited by applicant]
US 20070174931A1 · Brown et al. · 2007 [cited by applicant]
US 20070294789A1 · Ghiglione et al. · 2007 [cited by applicant]
US 20080034453A1 · Cheikh et al. · 2008 [cited by applicant]
US 20090031441A1 · Matsuoka et al. · 2009 [cited by applicant]
US 20090070898A1 · Allen et al. · 2009 [cited by applicant]
US 20090117617A1 · Holmes et al. · 2009 [cited by applicant]
US 20090313725A1 · Yu et al. · 2009 [cited by applicant]
US 20100095406A1 · Yu et al. · 2010 [cited by applicant]
US 20100107283A1 · Dasgupta et al. · 2010 [cited by applicant]
US 20110004958A1 · Aloni et al. · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US 20110035839A1 · Lutfiyya et al. · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US 20110126310A1 · Feng et al. · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US 20110145940A1 · Voytas et al. · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US 20110167517A1 · Danilevskaya et al. · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US 20110185456A1 · Cheikh et al. · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US 20110296555A1 · Ivashuta et al. · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US 20110301073A1 · Gregory et al. · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US 20120142062A1 · Doyon et al. · 2012 [cited by applicant]
US 20120174260A1 · Narva et al. · 2012 [cited by applicant]
US 20120216318A1 · La Rosa et al. · 2012 [cited by applicant]
US 20120297501A1 · Beghyn et al. · 2012 [cited by applicant]
US 20130117869A1 · Duchateau et al. · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 20130121101A1 · Ochampaugh et al. · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 20130260012A1 · Rommens et al. · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 20130283461A1 · Abad et al. · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 20130345937A1 · Strelioff et al. · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 20140013464A1 · Davie · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 20140074360A1 · Rosa et al. · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 20140165228A1 · Danilevskaya et al. · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 20140344996A1 · Inze et al. · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 20150052634A1 · Park et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 20150201619A1 · Annigeri et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 20150247154A1 · Ivashuta et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 20150307889A1 · Petolino et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 20150376641A1 · Etzioni et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 20160010109A1 · Albertsen et al. · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 20160017349A1 · Ayele et al. · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 20160046956A1 · Yu et al. · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 20160050865A1 · Morse et al. · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 20160050920A1 · Ott et al. · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 20160076046A1 · Alexandrov et al. · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 20160319375A1 · Barten et al. · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 20170079224A1 · Jolliffe et al. · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 20180051295A1 · Allen et al. · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 20190014730A1 · Dong et al. · 2019 [cited by applicant]
US 20190014731A1 · Ovadya et al. · 2019 [cited by applicant]
US 20190241903A1 · Ellis et al. · 2019 [cited by applicant]
US 20190246586A1 · Cannon et al. · 2019 [cited by applicant]
US 20190246619A1 · Barten et al. · 2019 [cited by applicant]
US 20200140874A1 · Barten et al. · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 20210032649A1 · Manjunath et al. · 2021 [cited by applicant]
US 20220159905A1 · Barten et al. · 2022 [cited by applicant]
US 20220159919A1 · Cannon et al. · 2022 [cited by applicant]
US 20220162632A1 · Barten et al. · 2022 [cited by applicant]
US 20220364108A1 · Allen et al. · 2022 [cited by applicant]
US 20230110884A1 · Allen et al. · 2023 [cited by applicant]
US 20230292733A1 · Barten et al. · 2023 [cited by applicant]
US 20230323381A1 · Cannon et al. · 2023 [cited by applicant]
US 20260015625A1 · Cannon et al. · 2026 [cited by applicant]
US 20260144184A1 · Cannon et al. · 2026 [cited by applicant]
CN 101440374 · 2009 [cited by applicant]
CN 102149821 · 2011 [cited by applicant]
CN 102174519 · 2011 [cited by applicant]
CN 111778265 · 2020 [cited by applicant]
EP 1398382B1 · 2005 [cited by applicant]
JP 3829157B2 · 2006 [cited by applicant]
KR 20150045611 · 2015 [cited by applicant]
RU 2013135491 · 2015 [cited by applicant]
RU 2013151447 · 2015 [cited by applicant]
WO 199428141 · 1994 [cited by applicant]
WO 199909174 · 1999 [cited by applicant]
WO 199966029A2 · 1999 [cited by applicant]
WO 2000009722A2 · 2000 [cited by applicant]
WO 2002055725A2 · 2002 [cited by applicant]
WO 2003008540A2 · 2003 [cited by applicant]
WO 2004092390 · 2004 [cited by applicant]
WO 2006032916A2 · 2006 [cited by applicant]
WO 2007134234 · 2007 [cited by applicant]
WO 2008034648 · 2008 [cited by applicant]
WO 2010002984 · 2010 [cited by applicant]
WO 2011023537 · 2011 [cited by applicant]
WO 2013037959 · 2013 [cited by applicant]
WO 2013086499A2 · 2013 [cited by applicant]
WO 2014055477A2 · 2014 [cited by applicant]
WO 2014151749 · 2014 [cited by applicant]
WO 2015168124 · 2015 [cited by applicant]
WO 2016176286A1 · 2016 [cited by applicant]
WO 2017011791A1 · 2017 [cited by applicant]
WO 2018035354A1 · 2018 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2018119225A1 · 2018 [cited by examiner]
WO 2018129302A1 · 2018 [cited by applicant]
WO 2019161143A1 · 2019 [cited by applicant]
WO 2019161145A2 · 2019 [cited by applicant]
WO 2019161149A1 · 2019 [cited by applicant]
Lai Wei et. al., A new allele of the Brachytic2 gene in maize can efficiently modify plant architecture, Heredity (2018) 121:75-86 (Year: 2018). [cited by examiner]
Shannon A. Bage et. al., Genetic characterization of novel and CRISPR-Cas9 gene edited maize brachytic 2 alleles, Plant Gene 21 (2020) 200198, pp. 1-7 (Year: 2020). [cited by examiner]
Oikawa, et al., “A role of OsGA200x1, encoding an isoform of gibberellin 20-oxidase, for regulation of plant stature in rice,” Plant Molecular Biology, 55:687-700 (2004). [cited by applicant]
Ookawa, et al., “Precise estimation of genomic regions controlling lodging resistance using a set of reciprocal chromosome segment substitution lines in rice,” Scientific Reports, 6(30572) pp. 1-12 (2016). [cited by applicant]
Parizotto, et al., “In vivo investigation of the transcription, processing, endonucleolytic activity, and functional relevance of the spatial distribution of a plant miRNA,” Genes & Development, 18:2237-2242 (2004). [cited by applicant]
Peiffer, et al., “The Genetic Architecture of Maize Height,” Genetics, 196(4):1337-1356 (2014). [cited by applicant]
Peng, et al., “‘Green revolution’ genes encode mutant gibberellin response modulators,” Nature, 400:256-261 (1999). [cited by applicant]
Petti, et al., “Mapping of a Cellulose-Deficient Mutant Named dwarf1-1 in Sorghum bicolor to the Green Revolution Gene gibberellin20-oxidase Reveals a Positive Regulatory Association between Gibberellin and Cellulose Bi… [cited by applicant]
Plackett, et al., “Analysis of the Developmental Roles of the [cited by applicant]
Qiao, et al., “Alteration of rice growth and development via antisense expression of OsGA20ox2 gene,” African Journal of Biotechnology, 12(5):3898-3904 (2013). [cited by applicant]
Qiao, et al., “Modification of plant height via RNAi suppression of OsGA20ox2 gene in rice,” Euphytica, 158-35-45 (2007). [cited by applicant]
Reynolds, et al., “Rational siRNA design for RNA interference,” Nature Biotechnology, 22(3):326-330 (2004). [cited by applicant]
Rhoades, et al., “Prediction of Plant MicroRNA Targets,” Cell, 110(4):513-520 (2002). [cited by applicant]
Rieu, et al., “The gibberellin biosynthetic genes AtGA20ox1 and AtGA20ox2 act, partially redundantly, to promote growth and development throughout the [cited by applicant]
Ross, et al., “Gibberellin mutants,” Physiologia Plantarum, 100(3):550-560 (1997). [cited by applicant]
Sarkar, et al., “Relationship between gibberellins, height, and stress tolerance in barley ( [cited by applicant]
Sasaki, et al., “A mutant gibberellin-synthesis gene in rice,” Nature, 416:701-702 (2002). [cited by applicant]
Russian Search Report dated Jun. 24, 2021, in Russian Patent Application 2019105536, and English translation of the same (pp. 1-4). [cited by applicant]
Singh, “The green revolution and the evolution of agricultural education and research in India,” Genome, 42 (4):557-561 (1999). [cited by applicant]
Song, et al., “Association of the molecular regulation of ear leaf senescence/stress response and photosynthesis/metabolism with heterosis at the reproductive stage in maize,” Scientific Reports, 6: 29843 (2016). [cited by applicant]
Song, et al., “Flowering time regulation: photoperiod- and temperature-sensing in leaves,” Trends in Plant Science, 18(10):575-583 (2013). [cited by applicant]
Song, et al., “Genome-wide identification of gibberellins metabolic enzyme genes and expression profiling analysis during seed germination in maize,” Gene, 482(1-2):34-42 (2011). [cited by applicant]
Spielmeyer, et al., “Semidwarf (sd-1), “green revolution” rice, contains a defective gibberellin 20-oxidase gene,” PNAS, 99(13):9043-9048 (2002). [cited by applicant]
Sun, “Gibberellin Metabolism, Perception and Signaling Pathways in [cited by applicant]
Sunkar, et al., “Novel and Stress-Regulated MicroRNAs and Other Small RNAs from [cited by applicant]
Supplementary Partial European Search Report dated Jan. 14, 2020, in European Patent Application No. 17842139.2. [cited by applicant]
Svitashev, et al., “Targeted Mutagenesis, Precise Gene Editing, and Site-Specific Gene Insertion in Maize Using Cas9 and Guide RNA,” Plant Physiology, 169(2):931-945 (2015). [cited by applicant]
Teng, et al., “ZmGA3ox2, a candidate gene for a major QTL, qPH3.1, for plant height in maize,” The Plant Journal, 73 (3):405-416 (2013). [cited by applicant]
Tollenaar, et al., “Effect of Defoliation on Kernel Development in Maize,” Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 58 (1):207-212 (1978). [cited by applicant]
Tong, et al., “Reply: Brassinosteroid Regulates Gibberellin Synthesis to Promote Cell Elongation in Rice: Critical Comments on Ross and Quittenden's Letter,” The Plant Cell, vol. 28, pp. 833-835, (2016). [cited by applicant]
Traore, et al., “Bt and Non-Bt Maize Growth and Development as Affected by Temperature and Drought Stress,” Agronomy Journal, 92(5): 1027-1035 (2000). [cited by applicant]
Unterholzner, et al., “Reply: Interaction Between Brassinosteroids and Gibberellins: Synthesis or Signaling? In [cited by applicant]
Urakami, et al., “Immunomodulation of gibberellin biosynthesis using an anti-precursor gibberellin antibody confers gibberellin-deficient phenotypes,” Planta, 228:863-873 (2008). [cited by applicant]
Voytas, “Plant Genome Engineering with Sequence-Specific Nucleases,” Annual Review of Plant Biology, 64:327-50 (2013). [cited by applicant]
Wang, et al., “Gibberellin Biosynthetic Deficiency Is Responsible for Maize Dominant Dwarf11 (D11) Mutant Phenotype: Physiological and Transcriptomic Evidence,” PLoS One, 8(6):e66466:1-8 (2013). [cited by applicant]
Wang, et al., “More than meets the eye? Factors that affect target selection by plant miRNAs and heterochromatic siRNAs,” Current Opinion Plant Biology, 27:118-124 (2015). [cited by applicant]
Wu, et al., “Target specificity of the CRISPR-Cas9 system,” Quantitative Biology, 2(2):59-70 (2014). [cited by applicant]
Xiao, et al., “Dissection of GA 20-oxidase members affecting tomato morphology by RNAi-mediated silencing,” Plant Growth Regulation, 50:179-189 (2006). [cited by applicant]
Yamaguchi, et al., “Gibberellin Acts Positively Then Negatively to Control Onset of Flower Formation in [cited by applicant]
Yamaguchi, “Gibberellin Metabolism and its Regulation,” Annual Review of Plant Biology, 59:225-251 (2008). [cited by applicant]
Yanik, et al., “TALE-Pvull Fusion Proteins—Novel Tools for Gene Targeting,” PLoS One, 8(12):e82539 pp. 1-13 (2013). [cited by applicant]
Yin, et al., “In-Season Prediction of Com Yield Using Plant Height under Major Production Systems,” Agronomy Journal, 103(3):923-929 (2011). [cited by applicant]
Yoshikawa, et al., “A pathway for the biogenesis of trans-acting siRNAs in [cited by applicant]
Zeng, et al., “Both Natural and Designed Micro RNAs Can Inhibit the Expression of Cognate mRNAs When Expressed in Human Cells,” Molecular Cell, 9(6): 1327-1333 (2002). [cited by applicant]
Invitation to Pay Additional Fees for Application No. PCT/US23/62985, mailed May 23, 2023. [cited by applicant]
Klahre, et al. “High molecular weight RNAs and small interfering RNAs induce systemic posttranscriptional gene silencing in plants.” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 99 (18) 11981-11986, (2002). [cited by applicant]
Hill and Furrow, “Pinch or Push Your Corn: Scouting for Lodging Potential”, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Illinois Extension, Sep. 12, 2016, 2 pages. [cited by applicant]
Cox, et al., “Row Spacing, Hybrid, and Plant Density Effects on Corn Silage Yield and Quality”; J. Prod. Agic., vol. 11, No. 1, 1998. [cited by applicant]
Pendleton, et al., “Plant Population and Row Spacing Studies with brachytic 2 Dwarf Corn”; Contribution from the Department of Agronomy, Illinois Agr. Exp. Sta., Urbana, III; pp. 433-435, 1961. [cited by applicant]
Begna, et al., “Effects of Population Density and Planting Pattern on the Yield and Yield Components of Leafy Reduced-Stature Maize in a Short-Season Area”; J. Agronomy & Crop Science 179, pp. 9-17; 1997. [cited by applicant]
Cox, et al., “Corn Silage and Grain Yield Responses to Plant Densities”; J. Prod. Agric., vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 405-410, 1997. [cited by applicant]
Abendroth & Elmore, presentation titled “Corn Growth and Development” available at https://www.ipm.iastate.edu/files/curriculum/03%20Corn%20Growth%20and%20Development_0.pdf, accessed Feb. 12, 2025. [cited by applicant]
International Search Report and Written Opinion mailed Apr. 22, 2020, in International Application No. PCT/US2019/064270, pp. 1-14. [cited by applicant]
“4 Series Sprayers,” Published in May 2016, obtained from https://www.deere.com/en_CAF/docs/product/equipment/4_Series_Sprayers.pdf (2016). [cited by applicant]
Amanullah et al., “Phenology, Growth, and Grain Yield of Maize as Influenced by Foliar Applied Urea at Different Growth Stages,” Journal of Plant Nutrition 33:1; 71-79 (2010). [cited by applicant]
“Corn Herbicide Application Timings,” published by online by PennState Extension; obtained from https://extension.psu.edu/corn-herbicide-application-timings (2015). [cited by applicant]
Crommelinck et al., “Simulating an Autonomously Operating Low-Cost Static Terrestrial LiDAR for Multitemporal Maize Crop Height Measurements,” Remote Sensing, 8(3):205, pp. 1-17 (2016). [cited by applicant]
D'Andrea et al., “Genotypic Variability in Morphological and Physiological Traits among Maize Inbred Lines-Nitrogen Responses,” Crop Sci., 46:1266-1276 (2006). [cited by applicant]
GenBank Accession No. AY366085, “ [cited by applicant]
International Search Report and Written Opinion mailed Aug. 8, 2019, in International Application No. PCT/US2019/018129. [cited by applicant]
International Search Report and Written Opinion mailed May 10, 2019, in International Application No. PCT/US2019/018127. [cited by applicant]
Kempton, “Heritable Characters of Maize, III. Brachytic Culms,” Jour. Hered., 11(1):111-115 (1920). [cited by applicant]
Lu, “Chapter 3 Research on Production Increase Technology in Late Harvesting of Maize in Optimum Period,” Theory and Technology of High Yield of Maize (2015). [cited by applicant]
Mourtzinis et al., “Corn Grain and Stover Yield Prediction at RI Growth Stage,” Agronomy Journal, 105 (4):1045-1050 (2013). [cited by applicant]
Multani et al., “Loss of an MDR Transporter in Compact Stalks of Maize br2 and Sorghum dw3 Mutants,” Science, 302:81-84 (2003). [cited by applicant]
Pilu et al., “Isolation and characterization of a new mutant allele of brachytic 2 maize gene,” Molecular Breeding, 20:83-91 (2007). [cited by applicant]
Qiao et al., “The influence of RNAi targeting of OsGA20ox2 gene on plant height in rice,” Plant Molecular Biology Reporting 29.4:952-960 (2011). [cited by applicant]
Wang et al., “Analysis of hormone sensitivity of a dwarf mutant of maize,” Journal of Northwest A&F University (Nat. Sci. Ed.) 45(8) (2017). [cited by applicant]
Weng et al., “Genome-Wide Association Study Identifies Candidate Genes That Affect Plant Height in Chinese Elite Maize ( [cited by applicant]
Zaidi et al., “Phenotyping for Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Maize Heat Stress,” CIMMYT, pp. 1-40 (2016). [cited by applicant]
Butzen, “Timing Corn Harvest,” Crop Insights, (Sep. 2018). [cited by applicant]
Chen et al., “Identification and genetic mapping for rht-DM, a dominant dwarfing gene in mutant semi-dwarf maize using QTL-seq approach,” Genes & Genomics 40, pp. 1091-1099 (Jun. 2018) (electronic publication). [cited by applicant]
Supplementary European Search Report dated Oct. 11, 2022 in EP 19 89 2688. [cited by applicant]
Thomison et al., “Corn Response to Harvest Date a Affected by Plant Population and Hybrid,” Agron J. 103, pp. 1765-1772 (Sep. 2011) (electronic publication). [cited by applicant]
Altschul, “Basic local alignment search tool.” Journal of Molecular Biology, 15:403-410 (1990). [cited by applicant]
Xia et al., “A book to understand high corn yield and disaster prevention and reduction technology”, China Farmers Press, May 2016, p. 135. [cited by applicant]
Chinese Office Action regarding Chinese Patent Application No. 201980025083.0, dated Dec. 1, 2023, 19 pages. [cited by applicant]
Chenna, et al., “Multiple sequence alignment with the Clustal series of programs,” Nucleic Acids Research, 31(13): 3497-3500 (2003). [cited by applicant]
De Pater, et al., “The promoter of the rice gene GOS2 is active in various different monocot tissues and binds rice nuclear factor ASF-1,” The Plant Journal, 2(6): 837- 844 (1992). [cited by applicant]
Elmore, et al., “In-Field Drydown Rates and Harvest,” Iowa State University Extension and Outreach, retrieved from <https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2010/09/field-drydown-rates-and-harvest> (Sep. 28, 2010). [cited by applicant]
Guo, et al., “RNA Silencing in Plants: Mechanism, Technologies and Applications in Horticulture Crops,” Current Genomics, 17(6):476-489 (2016). [cited by applicant]
Hanway, “How a corn plant develops,” Special Report No. 48, Iowa State University, CES, Ames, IA, (1966). [cited by applicant]
Inada, “Quality controls induced by aberrant translation,” Nucleic Acids Research, 48(3): 1084-1096 (2020). [cited by applicant]
Israelsen, “Harvesting Corn Silage by Plant Moisture” article adapted from Crop and Soils Magazine, Utah State University Agricultural Extension Agents, (2009). Retrieved from <https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/cgi/viewcon… [cited by applicant]
Karamyshev, et al., “Lost in Translation: Ribosome-Associated mRNA and Protein Quality Controls,” Frontiers in Genetics, 9:431 (2018). [cited by applicant]
Last, et al., “pEmu: an improved promoter for gene expression in cereal cells,” Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 81:581-588 (1991). [cited by applicant]
Mcelroy, et al., “Construction of expression vectors based on the rice actin 1 (Actl) 5' region for use in monocot transformation,” Molecular and General Genetics MGG, 231: 150-160 (1991). [cited by applicant]
Nickless, et al., “Control of gene expression through the nonsense-mediated RNA decay pathway,” Cell & Bioscience, 7:26 (2017). [cited by applicant]
Ritchie, S.W. et al., “How a Corn Plant Develops,” Special Report No. 48, Iowa State University, CES, Ames, IA, Reprinted 1986. [cited by applicant]
Spelhaug, “Predicting Your Corn Harvest Date,” Peterson Farms Seed (2013). [cited by applicant]
Szadeczky-Kardoss, et al., “The nonstop decay and the RNA silencing systems operate cooperatively in plants,” Nucleic Acids Research, 46(9): 4632-4648 (2018). [cited by applicant]
Thompson, et al., “Clustal W: Improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice,” Nucleic Acids Research, 22: 4673-… [cited by applicant]
Wilson, et al., “Molecular Mechanisms of RNA Interference,” Annual Review of Biophysics, 42: 217-39 (2013). [cited by applicant]
Bolduc and Hake, The maize transcription factor Knotted1 directly regulates the gibberellin catabolism gene ga2ox1, Plant Cell 21:1647-1658, 2009. [cited by applicant]
R4038-sprayer by John Deere, available at https://kibbleeq.com/farmers/sprayers-&-applicators/self-propelled-sprayers/john-deere-sprayers/r4038-sprayer, accessed Apr. 29, 2024. [cited by applicant]
Sun et al., Identification and characterization of El (Elongated Internode) gene in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), Int. J. Mol. Sci. 20(2204): 1-18, 2019. [cited by applicant]
Sehgal. “Inbred-Hybrid Method of Maize Improvement.” Proceeding of the Caribbean Food Crops Society Fourth Annual Meeting, 1966. [cited by applicant]
Chen, et al. “Development of dwarfish and yield-effective GM maize through passivation of bioactive gibberellin.” Transgenic Res, 28:589-599, (2019). [cited by applicant]
Köllner, et al. “Herbivore-Induced Sabath Methyltransferases of Maize that Methylate Anthranilic Acid Using S-Adenosyl-L-Methionine.” Plant Physiology, vol. 153, pp. 1795-1807, (2010). [cited by applicant]
Search Report dated Jul. 21, 2022, in Chinese Application 2017800639820 including English translation of related Office Action. [cited by applicant]
Allen, et al., “Evolution of microRNA genes by inverted duplication of target gene sequences in [cited by applicant]
Allen, et al., “microRNA-directed phasing during Trans-acting siRNA Biogenesis in plants,” Cell, 121(2):207-221 (2005). [cited by applicant]
U.S. Appl. No. 19/425,440, filed Dec. 18, 2025, Cannon et al. [cited by applicant]
Bage, et al., “Genetic characterization of novel and CRISPR-Cas9 gene edited maize brachytic 2 alleles.” Plant Gene, 21:100198 (2020). [cited by applicant]
Knöller, et al., “Brachytic2/ZmABCB1 functions in IAA export from intercalary meristems.” J. Exp. Botany, 61:3689-3696 (2010). [cited by applicant]
Zhang, et al., “Maize brachytic2 (br2) suppresses the elongation of lower internodes for excessive auxin accumulation in the intercalary meristem region.” BMC Plant Biology, 19:589 (2019). [cited by applicant]
Uniprot A0A2P1BTK0_MAIZE. Brachytic 2. Accessed on Dec. 27, 2024. Accessed from <https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/A0A2P1BTK0/entry>. [cited by applicant]
U.S. Appl. No. 19/337,629, filed Sep. 23, 2025, Cannon et al. [cited by applicant]
International Search Report and Written Opinion for International Application No. PCT/US2023/66999 mailed Nov. 2, 2023. [cited by applicant]
Amandeep K. Dhaliwal et al., Comparative analysis of ABCB1 reveals novel structural and functional conservation between monocots and dicots, Frontiers in Plant Science, 2014, vol. 5, Article 657. [cited by applicant]
USPTO: Final Office Action regarding U.S. Appl. No. 17/530,873, mailed Jul. 31, 2025. [cited by applicant]
Altschul, et al., “Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs,” Nucleic Acids Research, 25 (17) : 3389-3402 (1997). [cited by applicant]
Ashikari, et al., “Loss-of-function of a Rice Gibberellin Biosynthetic Gene, GA20 oxidase (GA20ox-2), Led to the Rice ‘Green Revolution’,” Breeding Science, 52:143-150 (2002). [cited by applicant]
Axtell, et al., “A Two-Hit Trigger for siRNA Biogenesis in Plants,” Cell, 127:565-577 (2006). [cited by applicant]
Beurdeley, et al., “Compact designer TALENs for efficient genome engineering”, Nature Communications, 4: 1762 (2013). [cited by applicant]
Cai, et al., “Molecular Cloning, Characterization, and Expression Analysis of Genes Encoding Gibberellin 20-Oxidase in Dasypyrum villosum Dwarf Mutant,” Plant Molecular Biology Reporter, 30:1110-1116 (2012). [cited by applicant]
Carrera, et al.,“Changes in GA 20-oxidase gene expression strongly affect stem length, tuber induction and tuber yield of potato plants,” The Plant Journal, 22(3):247-256 (2000). [cited by applicant]
Cermak, et al., “Efficient design and assembly of custom TALEN and other TAL effector-based constructs for DNA targeting,” Nucleic Acids Research, 39(12):e82 (2011). [cited by applicant]
Chen, et al., “Identification and Functional Analysis of Flowering Related microRNAs in Common Wild Rice ( [cited by applicant]
Chen, et al., “New insight in the Gibberellin biosynthesis and signal transduction,” Plant Signaling & Behavior, 10(5):e1000140-1-e1000140-3:(2015). [cited by applicant]
Chen, et al., “The Maize DWARF1 Encodes a Gibberellin 3-Oxidase and Is Dual Localized to the Nucleus and Cytosol,” Plant Physiology, 166:2028-2039 (2014). [cited by applicant]
Ciampitti, et al., “A comprehensive study of plant density consequences on nitrogen uptake dynamics of maize plants from vegetative to reproductive stages,” Field Crops Research, 121(1):2-18 (2011). [cited by applicant]
Coles, et al., “Modification of gibberellin production and plant development in [cited by applicant]
Davis, et al., “Gibberellin Biosynthesis in Maize. Metabolic Studies with GA15, GA24, GA25, GA7, and 2,3-Dehydro-GA91,” Plant Physiology, 121(3):1037-1045 (1999). [cited by applicant]
Doyle, et al., “TAL Effector-Nucleotide Targeter (TALE-NT) 2.0: tools for TAL effector design and target prediction,” Nucleic Acids Research, 40:W117-122 (2012). [cited by applicant]
Du, et al., “Cloning and characterization of an up-regulated GA 20-oxidase gene in hybrid maize,” Natural Science, 19 (2):161-166 (2009). [cited by applicant]
Eriksson, et al., “GA4 Is the Active Gibberellin in the Regulation of LEAFY Transcription and [cited by applicant]
Extended European Search Report dated Mar. 9, 2020, in European Patent Application No. 17842139.2. [cited by applicant]
Fagoaga, et al., “Engineering of gibberellin levels in citrus by sense and antisense overexpression of a GA 20-oxidase gene modifies plant architecture,” Journal of Experimental Botany, 58(6):1407-1420 (2007). [cited by applicant]
Fambrini, et al., “The extreme dwarf phenotype of the GA-sensitive mutant of sunflower, dwarf2, is generated by a deletion in the ent-kaurenoic acid oxidase1 (HaKAO1) gene sequence,” Plant Molecular Biology, 75:431-450 … [cited by applicant]
Franco-Zorrilla, et al., “Target mimicry provides a new mechanism for regulation of microRNA activity,” Nature Genetics, 39: 1033-1037 (2007). [cited by applicant]
Gabsalilow, et al., “Site- and strand-specific nicking of DNA by fusion proteins derived from MutH and I-Scel or TALE repeats,” Nucleic Acids Research, 41(7):e83 (2013). [cited by applicant]
Gaj, et al.. “ZFN, TALEN, and CRISPR/Cas-based methods for genome engineering,” Trends Biotechnology, 31 (7):397-405 (2013). [cited by applicant]
GenBank Accession No. AY105651.1, “ [cited by applicant]
GenBank Accession No. BT068785.2, “ [cited by applicant]
GenBank Accession No. EU963664.1, “ [cited by applicant]
Griffiths-Jones, et al., “Rfam: an RNA family database,” Nucleic Acids Research, 31(1):439-441 (2003). [cited by applicant]
Gupta, et al., “Gibberellic acid in plant Still a mystery unresolved,” Plant Signaling & Behavior, 8(9):e25504 (2013). [cited by applicant]
Han, et al., “Gibberellin-associated cisgenes modify growth, stature and wood properties in Populus,” Plant Biotechnology Journal, 9(2):162-178 (2011). [cited by applicant]
Hedden, et al., “Gibberellin Biosynthesis: Enzymes, Genes and Their Regulation,” Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol., 48:431-60 (1997). [cited by applicant]
Hedden, “The genes of the Green Revolution,” Trends in Genetics, 19(1):5-9 (2003). [cited by applicant]
Helliwell, et al “Constructs and Methods for Hairpin RNA-Mediated Gene Silencing in Plants,” Methods in Enzymology, 392:24-35 (2003). [cited by applicant]
Huang, et al., “A Gibberellin-Mediated DELLA-NAC Signaling Cascade Regulates Cellulose Synthesis in Rice,” The Plant Cell, 27(6):1681-1696 (2015). [cited by applicant]
International Search Report and Written Opinion mailed Dec. 28, 2017, in International Application No. PCT/US2017/047405. [cited by applicant]
Jia, et al., “GA-20 oxidase as a candidate for the semidwarf gene sdw1/denso in barley,” Functional & Integrative Genomics, 9:255-262 (2009). [cited by applicant]
Jia, et al., “Molecular characterization and functional analysis of barley semi-dwarf mutant Riso No. 9265,” BMC Genomics, 16(927):1-11 (2015). [cited by applicant]
Jones-Rhoades, et al., “Computational Identification of Plant MicroRNAs and Their Targets, Including a Stress-Induced miRNA,” Molecular Cell, 14(6):787-799 (2004). [cited by applicant]
Kamthan, et al., “Small RNAs in plants: recent development and application for crop improvement” Frontiers in Plant Science, 6:1-17 (2015). [cited by applicant]
Katoh, et al., “Specific residues at every third position of siRNA shape its efficient RNAi activity,” Nucleic Acids Research, 35(4): e27 (2007). [cited by applicant]
Khvorova, et al., “Functional siRNAs and miRNAs Exhibit Strand Bias,” Cell, 115(2):209-216 (2003). [cited by applicant]
Kim, “MicroRNA Biogenesis: Coordinated Cropping and Dicing,” Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, 6:376-385 (2005). [cited by applicant]
King, et al., “Selective Deactivation of Gibberellins below the Shoot Apex is Critical to Flowering but Not to Stem Elongation of Lolium,” Molecular Plant, 1(2):295-307 (2008). [cited by applicant]
Kobayashi, et al., “Gibberellin Metabolism in Maize (The Stepwise Conversion of Gibberellin A12-Aldehyde to Gibberellin A20),” Plant Physiology, 110(2):413-418 (1996). [cited by applicant]
Kusaba, et al., “Isolation and expression analysis of gibberellin 20-oxidase homologous gene in apple,” Journal of Experimental Botany, 52(335):375-376 (2001). [cited by applicant]
Lange, et al., “Gibberellin Biosynthesis and the Regulation of Plant Development,” Plant Biology, 8(3):281-290 (2006). [cited by applicant]
Larkin, et al., “Clustal W and Clustal X version 2.0,” Bioinformatics, 23(21):2947-48 (2007). [cited by applicant]
Liu, et al., “Analysis of Complementarity Requirements for Plant MicroRNA Targeting Using a Nicotiana benthamiana Quantitative Transient Assay,” The Plant Cell, 26(2):741-753 (2014). [cited by applicant]
Mitchum, et al., “Distinct and overlapping roles of two gibberellin 3-oxidases in [cited by applicant]
Molina, et al., “Transformation of a Dwarf [cited by applicant]
Mutasa-Gottgens, et al., “Gibberellin as a factor in floral regulatory networks,” Journal of Experimental Botany, 60 (7):1979-1989 (2009). [cited by applicant]
Offtype—Definition of Offtype by Merriam-Webster, pp. 1, retrieved Sep. 18, 2023 <https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/offtype>. [cited by applicant]
Jayasundara et al., Energy and Greenhouse Gas Intensity of Corn ( [cited by applicant]
Lindsey & Zoller, Useful Tables: Adjustments and Conversions on Corn and Soybean Parameters, article on the Ohio State University Extension website https://ohioline.osu.edu/factsheet/agf-502, 2018. [cited by applicant]
Nielsen, Short Corn at Tasseling, article for Purdue Agronomy available at https://www.agry.purdue.edu/ext/corn/news/articles.01/short_corn-0712.html, 2001. [cited by applicant]
GenBank AJ132435. “ [cited by applicant]
Xing, et al. “A rare SNP mutation in Brachytic2 moderately reduces plant height and increases yield potential in maize.” Journal of Experimental Botany, vol. 66, Issue 13, pp. 3791-3802, (2015). [cited by applicant]
Thomas, et al. “Size constraints for targeting post-transcriptional gene silencing and for RNA-directed methylation in Nicotiana benthamiana using a potato virus X vector.” The Plant Journal, vol. 25(4), pp. 417-425, (2… [cited by applicant]
Macrobert, et al. “Maize Hybrid Seed Production Manual.” International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center. (2014). [cited by applicant]
Haegele, et al. “Row Arrangement, Phosphorus Fertility, and Hybrid Contributions to Managing Increased Plant Density of Maize.” Agronomy, vol. 106(5), pp. 1838-1846, (2014). [cited by applicant]
Guo, et al. “Protein tolerance to random amino acid change.” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., vol. 101 (25), pp. 9205-9210, (2004). [cited by applicant]
Da Silva et al., Adaptability and Stability of Corn Hybrids Grown for Grain Yield, Maringa 36(2): 175-181, 2014. [cited by applicant]
Balzan, Sara et al, “Genetic and phenotypic characterization of a novel brachytic 2 allele of maize”, Plant Growth Regulation Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, vol. 86, No. 1, 19, pp. 81-92 (Year: 2018). [cited by applicant]
European Search Report regarding European App. No. 23808488.3, mailed Apr. 22, 2026. [cited by applicant]