Laser anneal of vertically oriented semiconductor structures while maintaining a dopant profile
View Patent ↗A method to laser anneal a silicon stack (or a silicon-rich alloy) including a heavily doped region buried beneath an undoped or lightly doped region is disclosed. By F selecting laser energy at a wavelength that tends to be transmitted by crystalline silicon and absorbed by amorphous silicon, crystallization progresses through the silicon layers in a manner that minimizes or prevents diffusion of dopants upward from the doped region to the undoped or lightly doped region. In preferred embodiments, the laser energy is pulsed, and a thermally conductive structure beneath the heavily doped layer dissipates heat, helping to control the anneal and limit dopant diffusion.
1. A method for laser annealing to crystallize a semiconductor layer, the method comprising:
depositing a semiconductor layer comprising polycrystalline, microcrystalline, or amorphous semiconductor material, the semiconductor layer having a lower region and an upper region adjacent the lower region, wherein the lower region is heavily doped and the upper region is undoped or lightly doped; and
crystallizing the semiconductor layer by illuminating the semiconductor layer from above with laser energy, wherein the semiconductor layer crystallizes progressively downward through the upper region and the lower region, such that the upper region crystallizes before the lower region melts, so as to substantially maintain a semiconductor layer dopant profile.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein:
before the crystallizing step, the lower region has a first lower thickness having a first dopant concentration of at least 1×10 19 dopant atoms/cm 3 , the upper region has a first upper thickness, and the lower region and the upper region form a first dopant profile;
after the crystallizing step, the lower region has a second lower thickness having a second dopant concentration of at least 1×10 19 dopant atoms/cm 3 , the upper region has a second upper thickness, and the lower region and the upper region form a second dopant profile; and
the second lower thickness is no more than 300 angstroms more than the first lower thickness, the second upper thickness is greater than zero and no more than 300 angstroms less than the first upper thickness, and the second dopant profile is similar to the first dopant profile.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein the semiconductor layer is at least 80 atomic percent silicon, and the wavelength of the laser energy is between about 520 and 540 nm.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein the laser energy is pulsed, the semiconductor layer comprises at least one feature site, and each site receives between about 11 and 20 pulses.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein the laser energy is pulsed, and pulse duration of the laser energy is between about 20 and 80 nanoseconds.
6. The method of claim 1 wherein the laser energy is pulsed at a frequency of between about 30 kHz and 50 kHz.
7. The method of claim 1 wherein the semiconductor layer comprises a feature site, the laser energy is a pulsed beam, and the beam has a scan speed of between about 11 mm/sec and 24 mm/sec across the feature site.
8. A method for forming a vertical semiconductor structure, the method comprising:
forming, in an amorphous semiconductor material, a vertical structure having a lower region of a first conductivity type and an upper region overlying the lower region, wherein the lower region is heavily doped and the upper region is undoped or lightly doped;
annealing the vertical structure from above using pulsed laser energy selectively absorbed by the amorphous semiconductor material and selectively transmitted by crystals of the semiconductor material, wherein the vertical structure crystallizes progressively downward through the upper region and the lower region, such that the upper region crystallizes before the lower region melts, so as to reduce upward dopant diffusion from the lower region to the upper region.
9. The method of claim 8 , further comprising:
forming, in an upper portion of the crystallized upper region of the vertical structure, a second heavily doped region of a second conductivity type, wherein the second conductivity type differs from the first conductivity type.
10. The method of claim 8 , further comprising:
forming a bottom conductor comprising a conductive material that softens or extrudes at or above 475 degrees Celsius, the amorphous semiconductor material formed above the bottom conductor.
11. A method for laser annealing to crystallize a semiconductor layer, the method comprising:
depositing a polycrystalline, microcrystalline, or amorphous semiconductor layer having a lower heavily doped region and an adjacent upper undoped or lightly doped region; and
after depositing the upper undoped or lightly doped region, crystallizing the lower heavily doped region and the upper undoped or lightly doped region by illuminating the semiconductor layer with laser energy, wherein
before the crystallizing step, the lower heavily doped region has a first thickness in which dopant concentration is at least 1×10 19 dopant atoms/cm 3 ;
during the crystallizing step, the semiconductor layer crystallizes progressively downward through the upper undoped or lightly doped region and the lower heavily doped region, such that the upper undoped or lightly doped region crystallizes before the lower heavily doped region melts, so as to reduce diffusion of dopant atoms from the lower heavily doped region to the upper undoped or lightly doped region; and
after the crystallizing step, the lower heavily doped region has a second thickness in which dopant concentration is at least 1×10 19 dopant atoms/cm 3 , wherein the second thickness is no more than 300 angstroms more than the first thickness.
12. The method of claim 11 wherein the laser energy has a wavelength selectively absorbed more by an amorphous structure of the semiconductor layer than by a crystalline structure of the semiconductor layer.
13. The method of claim 12 wherein the laser energy selectively absorbed more by the amorphous structure causes the amorphous structure to melt, and wherein the laser energy does not cause the crystalline structure to melt.
14. The method of claim 13 wherein the semiconductor layer is at least 80 atomic percent silicon and the wavelength of the laser energy is between about 500 and about 600 nm.
15. The method of claim 14 wherein the wavelength of the laser energy is between about 520 and 540 nm.
16. The method of claim 15 wherein the wavelength of the laser energy is about 532 nm.
17. The method of claim 11 wherein the laser energy is pulsed, the semiconductor layer comprises at least one site, and between about 11 and 20 pulses are used per site.
18. The method of claim 7 wherein pulse duration of the laser energy is between about 20 and 80 nanoseconds.
19. The method of claim 11 wherein the laser energy is pulsed at a frequency of between about 30 kHz and 50 kHz.
20. The method of claim 11 wherein the semiconductor layer forms a portion of a memory cell comprising a bottom conductor, the semiconductor layer formed above the bottom conductor.