Tubular articles with electrodeposited coatings, and systems and methods for producing the same
Provided herein are tubular articles comprising electrodeposited nano- or microlaminate coatings, which have improved heat, wear, and corrosion resistance. The present disclosure further provides apparatuses, systems, and methods for the electrodeposition of such coatings on tubular workpieces using fixed or dynamic electrical contact points.
1. A method for producing a nanolaminate coating on a tubular workpiece, the method comprising:
introducing a tubular workpiece that is substantially cylindrical to a system comprising:
a rack that, in operation, supports the tubular workpiece, the rack comprising:
at least one support structure for supporting the tubular workpiece; and
a contact point assembly comprising a gear, wherein the gear is coupled to an end portion of the tubular workpiece;
a conductive bus supported by the rack, the conductive bus configured to be in electrical contact with the tubular workpiece via the gear, such that the tubular workpiece is free to rotate while maintaining electrical contact with the conductive bus;
an interior anode; and
an electrolyte bath comprising an electrolyte solution having an electrodepositable species;
rotating the tubular workpiece in the rack at a rotational speed; and
electrodepositing the electrodepositable species onto at least a portion of the tubular workpiece as a first nanolaminate coating.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the tubular workpiece has a longitudinal axis and a hollow cavity defined by an inner surface and an outer surface, the first nanolaminate coating being electrodeposited on at least a portion of the outer surface of the tubular workpiece, the method further comprising electrodepositing a second nanolaminate coating on at least a portion of the inner surface of the tubular workpiece, the first nanolaminate coating having a first thickness, the second nanolaminate coating having a second thickness, the first thickness being less than the second thickness.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the tubular workpiece has a first threaded portion, and the method further comprises electrodepositing the electrodepositable species as a third nanolaminate coating on the first threaded portion, the third nanolaminate coating having a third thickness that is less than the first thickness and the second thickness.
4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the first nanolaminate coating, the second nanolaminate coating, and the third nanolaminate coating collectively cover substantially all of the inner surface and the outer surface.
5. The method of claim 2 , wherein the rotating the tubular workpiece comprises varying the rotational speed over time, such that a composition of the first nanolaminate coating or the second nanolaminate coating is changed.
6. The method of claim 5 , wherein the varying the rotational speed over time comprises:
changing the rotational speed from a first rotational speed to a second rotational speed; and
changing the rotational speed from the second rotational speed to the first rotational speed.
7. The method of claim 2 , wherein the first nanolaminate coating, the second nanolaminate coating, or both comprise a series of alternating layers.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the series of alternating layers comprises:
a first layer comprising at least one electrodepositable species independently selected from Ag, Al, Au, B, Be, C, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, In, Ir, Mg, Mn, Mo, Nb, Nd, Ni, P, Pd, Pt, Re, Rh, Sb, Si, Sn, Pb, Ta, Ti, W, V, Zn, and Zr; and
a second layer comprising at least one electrodepositable species independently selected from Ag, Al, Au, B, Be, C, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, In, Ir, Mg, Mn, Mo, Nb, Nd, Ni, P, Pd, Pt, Re, Rh, Sb, Si, Sn, Pb, Ta, Ti, W, V, Zn, and Zr.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the first layer or the second layer comprises Ni in a concentration ranging from about 50% (w/w) to about 99% (w/w).
10. The method of claim 8 , wherein the first layer or the second layer comprises Co in a concentration ranging from about 5% (w/w) to about 35% (w/w).
11. The method of claim 8 , wherein the first layer or the second layer comprises Cr in a concentration ranging from about 5% (w/w) to about 99% (w/w).
12. The method of claim 8 , wherein the first layer and the second layer comprise Ni and W.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the first layer and the second layer further comprise Mo.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the first layer, the second, layer, or both, independently comprise Ni in a concentration ranging from about 40% (w/w) to about 70% (w/w);
wherein the first layer, the second layer, or both, independently comprise W in a concentration ranging from about 30% (w/w) to about 50% (w/w);
or both.
15. The method of claim 14 , wherein the first layer, the second layer, or both, independently comprise Mo in a concentration of up to about 40% (w/w).
16. The method of claim 13 , wherein the first layer, the second layer, or both, independently comprise Ni in a concentration of about 60% (w/w), and W in a concentration of about 40% (w/w).
17. The method of claim 8 , wherein the first layer and the second layer independently comprise NiCr, NiFe, NiCo, NiCrCo, NiAl, NiCrAl, NiFeAl, NiCoAl, NiCrCoAl, NiMo, NiCrMo, NiFeMo, NiCoMo, NiCrCoMo, NiW, NiCrW, NiFeW, NiCoW, NiCrCoW, NiMoW, NiNb, NiCrNb, NiFeNb, NiCoNb, NiCrCoNb, NiTi, NiCrTi, NiFeTi, NiCoTi, NiCrCoTi, NiCrP, NiCrAl, NiCOP, NiCoAl, NiFeP, NiFeAl, NiCrSi, NiCrB, NiCoSi, NoCoB, NiFeSi, NiFeB, ZnCr, ZnFe, ZnCo, ZnNi, ZnCrP, ZnCrAl, ZnFeP, ZnFeAl, ZnCoP, ZnCoAl, ZnNiP, ZnNiAl, ZnCrSi, ZnCrB, ZnFeSi, ZnFeB, ZnCoSi, ZnCoB, ZnNiSi, ZnNiB, CoCr, CoFe, CoCrP, CoFeP, CoCrAl, CoFeAl, CoCrSi, CoFeSi, CoCrB, CoFeB, CoAl, CoW, CoCrW, CoFeW, CoTi, CoCrTi, CoFeTi, CoTa, CoCrTa, CoFeTa, CoC, CoCrC, CoFeC, FeCr, FeCrP, FeCrAl, FeCrSi or FeCrB.
18. The method of claim 2 , wherein the first nanolaminate coating is substantially the same thickness at two or more locations; and wherein the second nanolaminate coating is substantially the same thickness at two or more locations.
19. A method for producing a nanolaminate coating on a tubular workpiece, the method comprising:
introducing a tubular workpiece that is substantially cylindrical to a system comprising:
a rack that, in operation, supports the tubular workpiece, the rack comprising:
at least one support structure for supporting the tubular workpiece; and
a contact point assembly comprising a gear;
a conductive bus supported by the rack, the conductive bus configured to be in electrical contact with the tubular workpiece via the gear, such that the tubular workpiece is free to rotate while maintaining electrical contact with the conductive bus;
an interior anode; and
an electrolyte bath comprising an electrolyte solution having an electrodepositable species;
rotating the tubular workpiece in the rack at a rotational speed; and
electrodepositing the electrodepositable species onto at least a portion of the tubular workpiece as a first nanolaminate coating,
wherein the tubular workpiece has a longitudinal axis and a hollow cavity defined by an inner surface and an outer surface, the first nanolaminate coating being electrodeposited on at least a portion of the outer surface of the tubular workpiece, the method further comprising electrodepositing a second nanolaminate coating on at least a portion of the inner surface of the tubular workpiece, the first nanolaminate coating having a first thickness, the second nanolaminate coating having a second thickness, the first thickness being less than the second thickness.