Continuous analyte monitoring system with microneedle array
Described herein are variations of an analyte monitoring system, including an analyte monitoring device. For example, an analyte monitoring device may include an implantable microneedle array for use in measuring one or more analytes (e.g., glucose), such as in a continuous manner. The microneedle array may include, for example, at least one microneedle including a tapered distal portion having an insulated distal apex, and an electrode on a surface of the tapered distal portion located proximal to the insulated distal apex. At least some of the microneedles may be electrically isolated such that one or more electrodes is individually addressable.
1. A microneedle array for use in sensing a first analyte and a second analyte, comprising:
a first microneedle comprising a first working electrode comprising a first biorecognition element configured to react with the first analyte, wherein the first biorecognition element is entrapped within a first biorecognition layer comprising a first conducting polymer, wherein a distal tip of the first microneedle is formed from a semiconducting material and comprises an insulating layer on the semiconducting material, and wherein a distal edge of the first working electrode is offset from the distal tip; and
a second microneedle comprising a second working electrode comprising a second biorecognition element configured to react with the second analyte, wherein the second biorecognition element is entrapped within a second biorecognition layer comprising a second conducting polymer, wherein a distal tip of the second microneedle is formed from a semiconducting material and comprises an insulating layer on the semiconducting material, and wherein a distal edge of the second working electrode is offset from the distal tip,
wherein the first analyte and the second analyte are different.
2. The microneedle array of claim 1 , further comprising:
a third microneedle comprising a counter electrode; and
a fourth microneedle comprising a reference electrode.
3. The microneedle array of claim 2 ,
wherein a first redox reaction occurs between the first working electrode on the first microneedle and the counter electrode on the third microneedle, and
wherein a second redox reaction occurs between the second working electrode on the second microneedle and the counter electrode on the third microneedle.
4. The microneedle array of claim 2 , wherein the first microneedle, the second microneedle, the third microneedle, and the fourth microneedle are solid microneedles.
5. The microneedle array of claim 2 , wherein the counter electrode comprises an electrocatalytic layer.
6. The microneedle array of claim 2 , further comprising a fifth microneedle comprising a third working electrode comprising a third biorecognition element configured to react with a third analyte,
wherein a distal tip of the fifth microneedle is formed from a semiconducting material and comprises an insulating layer on the semiconducting material, a distal edge of the third working electrode being offset from the distal tip, and
wherein the third analyte is different from the first analyte and the second analyte.
7. The microneedle array of claim 6 , wherein a third redox reaction occurs between the third working electrode on the fifth microneedle and the counter electrode on the third microneedle.
8. The microneedle array of claim 2 , wherein the second analyte comprises lactate and the second biorecognition element is lactate oxidase.
9. The microneedle array of claim 1 , wherein the first analyte comprises glucose and the first biorecognition element is glucose oxidase.
10. The microneedle array of claim 1 , wherein one or more of the first working electrode and the second working electrode comprises a material selected from the group consisting of: platinum, palladium, iridium, rhodium, gold, ruthenium, titanium, nickel, carbon, and doped diamond.
11. The microneedle array of claim 10 , wherein the material of the first working electrode and the material of the second working electrode are the same material.
12. The microneedle array of claim 1 , wherein the first working electrode of the first microneedle further comprises a first diffusion-limiting layer on the first biorecognition layer.
13. The microneedle array of claim 1 , wherein the second working electrode of the second microneedle further comprises a second diffusion-limiting layer on the second biorecognition layer.
14. The microneedle array of claim 1 ,
wherein the first biorecognition element is a first enzyme selected from the group consisting of: glucose oxidase, lactate oxidase, alcohol oxidase, beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, tyrosinase, catalase, ascorbate oxidase, cholesterol oxidase, choline oxidase, pyruvate oxidase, urate oxidase, urease, and xanthine oxidase,
wherein the second biorecognition element is a second enzyme selected from the group consisting of: glucose oxidase, lactate oxidase, alcohol oxidase, beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, tyrosinase, catalase, ascorbate oxidase, cholesterol oxidase, choline oxidase, pyruvate oxidase, urate oxidase, urease, and xanthine oxidase, and
wherein the first enzyme and the second enzyme are different enzymes.
15. The microneedle array of claim 1 , wherein the first conducting polymer and the second conducting polymer comprise the same conducting polymer.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first microneedle further comprises a first tapered distal portion terminating at the distal tip, and wherein the second microneedle further comprises a second tapered distal portion terminating at the distal tip.
17. A microneedle array for use in sensing a first analyte and a second analyte, comprising:
a first solid microneedle comprising a first working electrode, the first working electrode comprising a first biorecognition element configured to react with the first analyte, wherein the first biorecognition element is entrapped within a first biorecognition layer comprising a first conducting polymer, and wherein a distal tip of the first solid microneedle is formed from a semiconducting material and a distal edge of the first working electrode is offset from the distal tip; and
a second solid microneedle comprising a second working electrode, the second working electrode comprising a second biorecognition element configured to react with the second analyte, wherein the second biorecognition element is entrapped within a second biorecognition layer comprising a second conducting polymer, and wherein a distal tip of the second solid microneedle is formed from a semiconducting material and a distal edge of the second working electrode is offset from the distal tip,
wherein the first analyte and the second analyte are different.
18. The microneedle array of claim 17 , wherein the first working electrode is on only a segment of a surface of a tapered distal portion of the first solid microneedle and the second working electrode is on only a segment of a surface of a tapered distal portion of the second solid microneedle.
19. The microneedle array of claim 17 , wherein the first working electrode and the second working electrode are annular.
20. The microneedle array of claim 17 , further comprising:
a third solid microneedle comprising a counter electrode; and
a fourth solid microneedle comprising a reference electrode,
wherein a first redox reaction occurs between the first working electrode on the first solid microneedle and the counter electrode on the third solid microneedle, and
wherein a second redox reaction occurs between the second working electrode on the second solid microneedle and the counter electrode on the third solid microneedle.
21. The microneedle array of claim 17 ,
wherein the first biorecognition element is a first enzyme selected from the group consisting of: glucose oxidase, lactate oxidase, alcohol oxidase, beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, tyrosinase, catalase, ascorbate oxidase, cholesterol oxidase, choline oxidase, pyruvate oxidase, urate oxidase, urease, and xanthine oxidase,
wherein the second biorecognition element is a second enzyme selected from the group consisting of: glucose oxidase, lactate oxidase, alcohol oxidase, beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, tyrosinase, catalase, ascorbate oxidase, cholesterol oxidase, choline oxidase, pyruvate oxidase, urate oxidase, urease, and xanthine oxidase, and
wherein the first enzyme and the second enzyme are different enzymes.
22. The microneedle array of claim 17 , wherein the first conducting polymer and the second conducting polymer comprise the same conducting polymer.
23. A microneedle array for use in sensing glucose and lactate, comprising:
a first microneedle comprising a first working electrode comprising a first biorecognition element configured to react with the glucose, the first working electrode further comprising a first electrode material, the first biorecognition element being entrapped within a first biorecognition layer disposed on the first electrode material, wherein the first biorecognition layer comprises a first conducting polymer, wherein a distal tip of the first microneedle is formed from a semiconducting material and comprises an insulating layer on the semiconducting material, and wherein a distal edge of the first working electrode is offset from the distal tip; and
a second microneedle comprising a second working electrode comprising a second biorecognition element configured to react with the lactate, the second working electrode further comprising a second electrode material, the second biorecognition element being entrapped within a second biorecognition layer disposed on the second electrode material, wherein the second biorecognition layer comprises a second conducting polymer, wherein a distal tip of the second microneedle is formed from a semiconducting material and comprises an insulating layer on the semiconducting material, and wherein a distal edge of the second working electrode is offset from the distal tip.
24. The microneedle array of claim 23 , further comprising:
a third microneedle comprising a counter electrode, wherein the counter electrode comprises a third electrode material; and
a fourth microneedle comprising a reference electrode, wherein the reference electrode comprises a fourth electrode material and a redox-couple layer on the fourth electrode material,
wherein a first redox reaction occurs between the first working electrode on the first microneedle and the counter electrode on the third microneedle,
wherein a second redox reaction occurs between the second working electrode on the second microneedle and the counter electrode on the third microneedle.
25. The microneedle array of claim 24 , wherein the counter electrode comprises an electrocatalytic layer on the third electrode material.
26. The microneedle array of claim 23 , further comprising a fifth microneedle comprising a third working electrode comprising a third biorecognition element configured to react with a third analyte, the fifth working electrode further comprising a fifth electrode material, the third biorecognition element being entrapped within a third biorecognition layer disposed on the fifth electrode material, and wherein a distal tip of the fifth microneedle is formed from a semiconducting material and comprises an insulating layer on the semiconducting material, a distal edge of the third working electrode being offset from the distal tip.
27. The microneedle array of claim 23 , wherein one or more of the first electrode material and the second electrode material is selected from the group consisting of: platinum, palladium, iridium, rhodium, gold, ruthenium, titanium, nickel, carbon, and doped diamond.
28. The microneedle array of claim 23 , wherein the first working electrode of the first microneedle further comprises a first diffusion-limiting layer on the first biorecognition layer.
29. The microneedle array of claim 23 , wherein the second working electrode of the second microneedle further comprises a second diffusion-limiting layer on the second biorecognition layer.
30. The microneedle array of claim 23 , wherein the first conducting polymer and the second conducting polymer comprise the same conducting polymer.
31. A method for sensing a plurality of analytes via a microneedle array,
comprising:
applying a first bias potential between a first working electrode on a first microneedle and a reference electrode on a fourth microneedle, the first working electrode comprising a first biorecognition element configured to react with a first analyte, the first biorecognition element being entrapped within a first biorecognition layer comprising a first conducting polymer, wherein a distal tip of the first microneedle is formed from a semiconducting material and comprises an insulating layer on the semiconducting material, and wherein a distal edge of the first working electrode is offset from the distal tip;
applying a second bias potential between a second working electrode on a second microneedle and the reference electrode on the fourth microneedle, the second working electrode comprising a second biorecognition element configured to react with a second analyte, the second biorecognition element being entrapped within a second biorecognition layer comprising a second conducting polymer, wherein a distal tip of the second microneedle is formed from a semiconducting material and comprises an insulating layer on the semiconducting material, and wherein a distal edge of the second working electrode is offset from the distal tip;
measuring a first current value between the first working electrode and a counter electrode on a third microneedle, the first current value being proportional to a concentration of the first analyte; and
measuring a second current value between the second working electrode and the counter electrode on the third microneedle, the second current value being proportional to a concentration of the second analyte,
wherein a first redox reaction occurs between the first working electrode and the counter electrode, and
wherein a second redox reaction occurs between the second working electrode and the counter electrode.
32. The method of claim 31 , wherein the first biorecognition element is a first enzyme selected from the group consisting of: glucose oxidase, lactate oxidase, alcohol oxidase, beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, tyrosinase, catalase, ascorbate oxidase, cholesterol oxidase, choline oxidase, pyruvate oxidase, urate oxidase, urease, and xanthine oxidase, wherein the second biorecognition element is a second enzyme selected from the group consisting of: glucose oxidase, lactate oxidase, alcohol oxidase, beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, tyrosinase, catalase, ascorbate oxidase, cholesterol oxidase, choline oxidase, pyruvate oxidase, urate oxidase, urease, and xanthine oxidase, and wherein the first biorecognition element and the second biorecognition element are different enzymes.
33. The method of claim 31 , wherein the first conducting polymer and the second conducting polymer comprise the same conducting polymer.