Lithium metal—seawater battery cells having protected lithium electrodes
Active metal and active metal intercalation electrode structures and battery cells having ionically conductive protective architecture including an active metal (e.g., lithium) conductive impervious layer separated from the electrode (anode) by a porous separator impregnated with a non-aqueous electrolyte (anolyte). This protective architecture prevents the active metal from deleterious reaction with the environment on the other (cathode) side of the impervious layer, which may include aqueous or non-aqueous liquid electrolytes (catholytes) and/or a variety electrochemically active materials, including liquid, solid and gaseous oxidizers. Safety additives and designs that facilitate manufacture are also provided.
1. A battery cell comprising:
a cathode comprising seawater; and
a protected lithium metal electrode comprising a lithium anode and a protective architecture, the protective architecture comprising a first lithium ion conducting separator layer and a second lithium ion conducting layer;
wherein the first layer further comprises a lithium ion conducting anolyte, and the second layer is a substantially impervious layer that prevents the lithium anode from deleterious reaction in direct contact with the seawater of the cathode.
2. The battery cell of claim 1 wherein the lithium anode is lithium metal.
3. The battery cell of claim 1 wherein the lithium anode comprises intercalating carbon.
4. The battery cell of claim 1 wherein the lithium anode comprises a lithium alloying material.
5. The battery cell of claim 4 wherein the lithium alloying material is silicon or tin.
6. The battery cell of claim 1 wherein the anolyte is a liquid electrolyte.
7. The battery cell of claim 1 wherein the anolyte is a gel electrolyte.
8. The battery cell of claim 1 wherein the anolyte is a polymer electrolyte.
9. The battery cell of claim 1 wherein the first separator layer further comprises glass or ceramic particles.
10. The battery cell of claim 9 wherein the glass or ceramic particles getter shorting dendrites.
11. The battery cell of claim 1 wherein the lithium ion conducting substantially impervious second layer directly contacts the seawater of the cathode.
12. The battery cell of claim 1 wherein the substantially impervious second material layer is a tape cast layer.
13. The battery cell of claim 12 wherein the tape cast layer comprises a garnet lithium ion conductor.
14. The battery cell of claim 1 wherein the second material layer comprises a garnet lithium ion conductor.
15. The battery cell of claim 1 wherein the second material layer comprises a ceramic lithium ion conductor comprising lithium titanium phosphate.
16. The battery cell of claim 12 wherein the second material layer comprises a ceramic lithium ion conductor comprising lithium titanium phosphate.