Counter electrode material for electrochromic devices
Various embodiments herein relate to electrochromic devices, methods of fabricating electrochromic devices, and apparatus for fabricating electrochromic devices. In a number of cases, the electrochromic device may be fabricated to include a particular counter electrode material. The counter electrode material may include a base anodically coloring material. The counter electrode material may further include one or more halogens. The counter electrode material may also include one or more additives.
1. An integrated deposition system for fabricating an electrochromic device stack, the integrated deposition system comprising:
a plurality of deposition stations aligned in series and interconnected and operable to pass a substrate from one station to the next without exposing the substrate to an external environment, wherein the plurality of deposition stations comprises
(i) a first deposition station containing a first one or more material sources for depositing a cathodically coloring layer;
(ii) a second deposition station containing a second one or more material sources for depositing an anodically coloring layer,
wherein the second one or more material sources for depositing the anodically coloring layer comprise at least a first metal and a halogen, the second one or more material sources for depositing the anodically coloring layer optionally comprising one or more additives,
wherein the first metal is selected from the group consisting of chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), rhodium (Rh), and iridium (Ir), ruthenium (Ru), vanadium (V), and combinations thereof, and
wherein the optional one or more additives are selected from the group consisting of silver (Ag), arsenic (As), gold (Au), boron (B), cadmium (Cd), cesium (Cs), copper (Cu), europium (Eu), gallium (Ga), gadolinium (Gd), germanium (Ge), mercury (Hg), osmium (Os), lead (Pb), palladium (Pd), promethium (Pm), polonium (Po), platinum (Pt), radium (Ra), rubidium (Rb), terbium (Tb), technetium (Tc), thorium (Th), thallium (Tl), tungsten (W), and combinations thereof; and
a controller containing program instructions for passing the substrate through the plurality of deposition stations in a manner that deposits on the substrate (i) the cathodically coloring layer, and (ii) the anodically coloring layer to form a stack comprising at least the cathodically coloring layer and the anodically coloring layer.
2. The integrated deposition system of claim 1 , wherein the second one or more material sources for depositing the anodically coloring layer together comprise nickel, tungsten, and the halogen.
3. The integrated deposition system of claim 1 , wherein the first metal is selected from the group consisting of Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Rh, Ir, and combinations thereof.
4. The integrated deposition system of claim 3 , wherein the first metal is selected from the group consisting of Cr, Mn, Ni, Rh, Ir, and combinations thereof.
5. The integrated deposition system of claim 4 , wherein the first metal is selected from the group consisting of Ni, Ir, and combinations thereof.
6. The integrated deposition system of claim 5 , wherein the first metal comprises Ni.
7. The integrated deposition system of claim 1 , wherein the second one or more material sources for depositing the anodically coloring layer comprise the one or more additives, wherein one of the one or more additives comprises a material selected from the group consisting of Ga, Gd, Ge, Cu, and combinations thereof.
8. The integrated deposition system of claim 7 , wherein one of the one or more additives comprises a material selected from the group consisting of Ga, Gd, Ge, and combinations thereof.
9. The integrated deposition system of claim 8 , wherein one of the one or more additives comprises Ge.
10. The integrated deposition system of claim 8 , wherein one of the one or more additives comprises Ga.
11. The integrated deposition system of claim 8 , wherein one of the one or more additives comprises Gd.
12. The integrated deposition system of claim 7 , wherein one of the one or more additives comprises Cu.