Biofunctionalized three-dimensional (3D) graphene-based field-effect transistor (FET) sensor
A biological field-effect transistor (BioFET) includes source and drain regions formed in a substrate, an insulating layer disposed on a surface of the substrate, a gate disposed on the insulating layer and extending between the source and drain regions, a well region containing an electrolyte solution configured to retain an analyte, a three-dimensional (3D) graphene layer forming a channel region in the substrate, and a passivation layer. The graphene layer is biofunctionalized with a molecular recognition element configured to alter one or more electrical properties of the 3D graphene layer in response to exposure of the molecular recognition element to the analyte. The passivation layer is configured to prevent the electrolyte solution from contacting the source and drain. In some aspects, the 3D graphene layer is produced from carbon-containing inks. In other aspects, the 3D graphene layer includes a convoluted 3D structure configured to prevent graphene restacking.
1. A biological field-effect transistor (BioFET) associated with detecting a presence of an analyte in an environment, the BioFET comprising:
source and drain regions formed in a substrate;
an insulating layer disposed on a surface of the substrate;
a gate disposed on the insulating layer and configured to control a current between the source and drain regions;
a well region containing an electrolyte solution configured to retain the analyte;
a three-dimensional (3D) graphene layer forming a channel region within the well region between the source and drain regions, the 3D graphene layer biofunctionalized with a biological material configured to change an electric charge distribution of the 3D graphene layer in response to the biological material selectively binding with the analyte; and
a passivation layer configured to prevent the electrolyte solution from contacting the source and drain regions, wherein the selective binding of the analyte to the biological material is associated with a change in one or more of a current flow, a conductivity, or an impedance of the 3D graphene layer.
2. The BioFET of claim 1 , wherein the selective binding of the biological material with the analyte is associated with a change in an electrostatic surface potential of a back gate of the BioFET.
3. The BioFET of claim 2 , wherein a concentration level of the analyte is based on the electrostatic surface potential of the back gate.
4. The BioFET of claim 1 , wherein the 3D graphene layer is produced from carbon-containing inks.
5. The BioFET of claim 1 , wherein the 3D graphene layer comprises a convoluted 3D structure configured to prevent graphene restacking.
6. The BioFET of claim 1 , wherein the analyte has an ionic concentration level approximately between 100 milli-Molar (mM) and 200 mM.
7. The BioFET of claim 1 , wherein the biological material comprises one or more of a plurality of biological receptors, a plurality of biological materials, a plurality of biochemical materials, or a plurality of probe molecules.
8. The BioFET of claim 7 , wherein the plurality of biological receptors is one or more of less than 15 kiloDaltons (kDa) in molecular mass or less than 10 nanometers (nm) in length.
9. The BioFET of claim 1 , wherein the biofunctionalization includes one or more of a reductive covalent functionalization, a non-covalent chemistry using pyrenes, or direct stacking of biomolecules on the 3D graphene layer.
10. The BioFET of claim 9 , wherein the reductive covalent functionalization and the non-covalent chemistry using pyrenes yield one or more carboxylic acids on exposed surfaces of the 3D graphene layer.
11. The BioFET of claim 10 , wherein the one or more carboxylic acids are configured to chemically react with amines provided by bioreceptors on exposed surfaces of the 3D graphene layer.
12. The BioFET of claim 11 , wherein the chemical reactions include 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) and N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide (sulfo-NHS).
13. The BioFET of claim 10 , wherein the one or more carboxylic acids includes one or more peptide or amino acid sequences.
14. The BioFET of claim 13 , wherein the one or more peptide and amino acid sequences are expressed as His-Ser-Ser-Tyr-Trp-Tyr-Ala-Phe-Asn-Asn-Lys-Thr-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Trp-Phe-Val-Ile and Trp-His-Trp-Gln-Arg-Pro-Leu-Met-Pro-Val-Ser-Ile, respectively.
15. The BioFET of claim 9 , wherein the reductive covalent functionalization includes a plurality of diazonium salts.
16. The BioFET of claim 1 , wherein the analyte is 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT).
17. The BioFET of claim 1 , wherein the biological material is configured to detect mercury (Hg) and includes a bioreceptor molecule functionalized with an amino acid sequence.
18. The BioFET of claim 17 , wherein the amino acid sequence is expressed as Thr-Thr-Cys-Thr-Thr-Thr-Cys-Thr-Thr-Cys-Cys-Cys-Cys-Thr-Thr-Gly-Thr-Thr-Thr-Gly-Thr-Cys.