Electron migration control in interconnect structures
A method for improving reliability of interconnect structures for semiconductor devices is disclosed. The method includes forming a contact structure on a transistor and forming a metallization layer on the contact structure. The forming the metallization layer includes depositing an inter-metal dielectric (IMD) layer on the transistor, forming an opening within the IMD layer to expose a top surface of the contact structure, depositing a metallic layer to fill the opening, forming an electron barrier layer within the IMD layer, and forming a capping layer within the metallic layer. The electron barrier layer has a hole carrier concentration higher than a hole carrier concentration of a portion of the IMD layer underlying the electron barrier layer. The capping layer has a hole carrier concentration higher than a hole carrier concentration of a portion of the metallic layer underlying the capping layer.
1. An interconnect structure, comprising:
a first inter-metal dielectric (IMD) layer comprising an oxide layer;
a first conductive structure disposed within the IMD layer;
an oxynitride barrier layer comprising an oxynitride of a material of the first IMD layer disposed on the first IMD layer,
wherein a top portion of the first conductive structure is surrounded and in contact with the oxynitride barrier layer, and
wherein a bottom portion of the first conductive structure is surrounded and in contact with the oxide layer;
a diffusion barrier layer disposed on top surfaces of the oxynitride barrier layer and the first conductive structure;
a second IMD layer disposed on the diffusion barrier layer; and
a second conductive structure disposed within the second IMD layer and the diffusion barrier layer.
2. The interconnect structure of claim 1 , wherein the first conductive structure comprises a conductive layer and a capping layer, and
wherein the oxynitride barrier layer surrounds the capping layer.
3. The interconnect structure of claim 1 , wherein the first conductive structure comprises a conductive layer and a capping layer, and
wherein a portion of the diffusion barrier layer is disposed on the capping layer.
4. The interconnect structure of claim 1 , wherein the first conductive structure comprises a capping layer with a thickness that is smaller than a thickness of the oxynitride barrier layer.
5. The interconnect structure of claim 1 , wherein the first conductive structure comprises a conductive layer and a capping layer, and
wherein the conductive layer comprises a metal and the capping layer comprises a nitride of the metal.
6. The interconnect structure of claim 5 , wherein the conductive layer comprises copper (Cu) and the capping layer comprises copper nitride (CuN).
7. The interconnect structure of claim 1 , wherein the diffusion barrier layer comprises:
a metallic nitride layer disposed on the oxynitride barrier layer and the first conductive structure; and
a metallic oxide layer disposed on the metallic nitride layer, wherein the metallic oxide layer has an atomic density higher than an atomic density of the metallic nitride layer.
8. The interconnect structure of claim 1 , wherein the oxynitride barrier layer has a hole carrier concentration higher than a hole carrier concentration of the first IMD layer underlying the oxynitride barrier layer.
9. The interconnect structure of claim 1 , wherein the second conductive structure comprises:
a conductive layer;
a capping layer disposed on the conductive layer; and
a liner disposed on sidewalls of the conductive layer and the capping layer.
10. The interconnect structure of claim 1 , wherein the second conductive structure is disposed on a nitride capping layer of the first conductive structure.
11. An interconnect structure, comprising:
a first metallization layer comprising:
a dielectric layer,
a first conductive structure disposed within the dielectric layer, wherein the first conductive structure comprises a metal layer in contact with the dielectric layer and a capping layer comprising a nitride of the metal layer; and
a nitride barrier layer disposed on a top surface of the dielectric layer, wherein the nitride barrier layer comprises a nitride of a material of the dielectric layer; and
a second metallization layer disposed on the first metallization layer, the second metallization layer comprising:
a stack of insulating layers, disposed on the first metallization layer, comprising a diffusion barrier layer disposed on the nitride barrier layer and the first conductive structure; and
a second conductive structure disposed within the stack of insulating layers.
12. The interconnect structure of claim 11 , wherein the nitride barrier layer has a hole carrier concentration higher than a hole carrier concentration of the dielectric layer.
13. The interconnect structure of claim 11 , wherein the dielectric layer comprises a low-k dielectric material and the nitride barrier layer comprises a nitride of the low-k dielectric material.
14. The interconnect structure of claim 11 , wherein the diffusion barrier layer comprises:
a metal nitride layer disposed on the nitride barrier layer; and
a metal oxide layer disposed on the nitride layer.
15. The interconnect structure of claim 11 ,
wherein the capping layer has a hole carrier concentration higher than a hole carrier concentration of the metal layer.
16. The interconnect structure of claim 11 , wherein the second conductive structure comprises:
a metallic layer;
a conductive nitride layer disposed on the metallic layer; and
a metallic liner disposed on sidewalls of the metallic layer and the conductive nitride layer.
17. A method, comprising:
depositing a dielectric layer on a transistor;
forming a conductive layer within the dielectric layer;
performing a nitridation process on the dielectric layer and the conductive layer to convert a top portion of the dielectric layer into an insulating nitride layer and a top portion of the conductive layer into a conductive nitride layer;
depositing a metallic nitride layer on the insulating nitride layer and the conductive nitride layer; and
performing an oxidation process on the metallic nitride layer to convert a top portion of the metallic nitride layer into a metallic oxide layer.
18. The method of claim 17 , wherein performing the nitridation process comprises exposing the dielectric layer and the conductive layer to a plasma of a nitrogen gas, a nitrous oxide gas, or an ammonia gas.
19. The method of claim 17 , wherein performing the oxidation process comprises exposing the metallic nitride layer to a thermal oxidation process or a plasma oxidation process.
20. The method of claim 17 , further comprising forming a conductive structure on the conductive nitride layer.