Toner, developer, toner storage unit, image forming apparatus, and image forming method
A toner includes toner base particles and external additives deposited on a surface of the toner base particle. The toner base particle includes an amorphous polyester resin, a crystalline polyester resin, a release agent, and resin particles. An abundance ratio of the crystalline polyester resin in the surface of the toner base particle as observed by TEM is 2.5% or greater but 25% or less. The resin particles are deposited at the surface of the toner base particle as observed by SEM. A ratio of aggregates of the resin particles occupying the surface of the toner base particle is 1% or greater but 70% or less, where R is a major axis of the minimum particle of the resin particles, and the resin particle having a major axis of 3R or greater is determined as the aggregate.
1. A toner comprising
toner base particles, each including an amorphous polyester resin, a crystalline polyester resin, a release agent, and resin particles; and
external additives deposited on a surface of each of the toner base particles,
wherein an abundance ratio of the crystalline polyester resin in the surface of the toner base particle as observed by a transmission electron microscope (TEM) is 2.5% or greater but 25% or less,
the resin particles are deposited at the surface of the toner base particle as observed by a scanning electron microscope (SEM), and
a ratio of aggregates of the resin particles occupying the surface of the toner base particle is 1% or greater but 70% or less, where R is a major axis of the minimum particle of the resin particles, and the resin particle having a major axis of 3R or greater is determined as the aggregate,
wherein the resin particles include resin particles (B) comprising two types of styrene acrylic resins (resin (a1) and resin (a2) and resin particles (A) comprising one type of styrene acrylic resin.
2. The toner according to claim 1 ,
wherein the amorphous polyester resin includes two or more amorphous polyester resins.
3. The toner according to claim 1 ,
wherein each of the resin particles has a core-shell structure, where a resin constituting a core of the core-shell structure and a resin constituting a shell of the core-shell structure are different resins.
4. The toner according to claim 1 ,
wherein the resin particles have a volume average primary particle diameter of 10 nm or greater but 100 nm or less.
5. The toner according to claim 1 ,
wherein a standard deviation of a distance between the resin particles next to one another is 500 nm or less.
6. A developer, comprising:
the toner according to claim 1 ; and
a carrier.
7. A toner storage unit comprising:
the toner according to claim 1 ; and
a unit storing the toner therein.
8. An image forming apparatus comprising:
an electrostatic latent image bearer;
an electrostatic latent image forming unit configured to form an electrostatic latent image on the electrostatic latent image bearer;
a developing unit storing a toner therein, and configured to develop the electrostatic latent image formed on the electrostatic latent image bearer with the toner to form a toner image;
a transferring unit configured to transfer the toner image formed on the electrostatic latent image bearer onto a surface of a recording medium; and
a fixing unit configured to fix the toner image transferred on the surface of the recording medium,
wherein the toner is the toner according to claim 1 .
9. An image forming method comprising:
forming an electrostatic latent image on an electrostatic latent image bearer;
developing the electrostatic latent image formed on the electrostatic latent image bearer with a toner to form a toner image;
transferring the toner image formed on the electrostatic latent image bearer onto a surface of a recording medium; and
fixing the toner image transferred on the surface of the recording medium,
wherein the toner is the toner according to claim 1 .
10. The toner according to claim 3 , wherein resin (a1) is a shell resin and resin (a2) is a core resin.
11. The toner according to claim 1 , wherein resin (a1) is a styrene-(meth)acrylic acid ester copolymer.
12. The toner according to claim 1 , wherein resin (a2) is a styrene-(meth)acrylic acid ester copolymer.
13. The toner according to claim 1 , wherein particles (A) comprising only one type of styrene acrylic resin.
14. The toner according to claim 1 , wherein resin particles B have a core-shell structure.