IP Library › Granted Patent US 12,539,309
Granted Patent B2
US 12,539,309 · App. 17/898,947 · Granted Feb 3, 2026

Compositions comprising circular polyribonucleotides and uses thereof

Inventors: Avak Kahvejian (Lexington, MA); Nicholas McCartney Plugis (Duxbury, MA); Alexandra Sophie De Boer (Somerville, MA)
Assignee: Flagship Pioneering Innovations VI, LLC
A61K31/7088C07K7/00C07K7/06C12N15/67C12P21/00
View Patent ↗
Loading inventors, assignments & file history…
Monitor This Case
Get email alerts when status or documents change.
Order Certified Copies
Most orders are placed with the USPTO same day — all within 24 business hours.
Order via The Patent Place →
Pre-filled with this patent's details
Quick Facts
Patent No.
US 12,539,309
App. No.
17/898,947
Granted
Feb 3, 2026
Kind
B2
Abstract

This invention relates generally to pharmaceutical compositions and preparations of circular polyribonucleotides and uses thereof.

Claims (69)

1 . A pharmaceutical composition for expression of a first hormone and a second hormone comprising:

(a) a lipid nanoparticle carrier;

(b) a covalently closed polyribonucleotide that comprises, in the following order:

(i) a first internal ribosome entry site (IRES);

(ii) a first expression sequence that encodes the first hormone;

(iii) a second IRES; and

(iv) a second expression sequence that encodes the second hormone; and

(c) a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

2 . The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1 wherein the covalently closed polyribonucleotide:

(a) lacks one or both of a 5′ cap and a 3′ poly A sequence;

(b) is detectable in-vivo for at least 7 days after administration of the composition to the human; or

(c) further comprises a miRNA target sequence, a miRNA binding site, or a protein binding site.

3 . The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1 , wherein the first IRES is an encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) IRES or a coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) IRES.

4 . The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1 , wherein the second IRES is an EMCV IRES or a CVB3 IRES.

5 . The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1 , wherein the first hormone and the second hormone are the same.

6 . The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1 , wherein the first hormone and the second hormone are different.

7 . The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1 , wherein the first hormone or the second hormone is less than 300 amino acids in length.

8 . The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1 , wherein the covalently closed polyribonucleotide comprises, in the following order:

(i) a first spacer sequence;

(ii) the first IRES;

(iii) the first expression sequence that encodes the first hormone;

(iv) a second spacer;

(v) the second IRES; and

(vi) the second expression sequence that encodes the second hormone.

9 . The pharmaceutical composition of claim 8 , wherein the covalently closed polyribonucleotide comprises, in the following order:

(i) the first spacer sequence;

(ii) the first IRES;

(iii) the first expression sequence that encodes the first hormone;

(iv) the second spacer;

(v) the second IRES;

(vi) the second expression sequence that encodes the second hormone; and

(vii) a third spacer.

10 . The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1 , wherein the covalently closed polyribonucleotide comprises, in the following order:

(i) a first spacer sequence;

(ii) the first IRES;

(iii) the first expression sequence that encodes the first hormone;

(iv) the second IRES;

(v) the second expression sequence that encodes the second hormone; and

(vi) a second spacer.

11 . A pharmaceutical composition for expression of a first hormone and a second hormone, comprising:

(a) a lipid nanoparticle carrier;

(b) a covalently closed polyribonucleotide comprising, in the following order:

(i) an IRES;

(ii) a first expression sequence that encodes the first hormone;

(iii) a stagger element; and

(iv) a second expression sequence that encodes the second hormone; and

(c) a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

12 . The pharmaceutical composition of claim 11 , wherein the covalently closed polyribonucleotide comprises, in the following order:

(i) the IRES;

(ii) a first translation initiation sequence;

(iii) the first expression sequence that encodes the first hormone;

(iv) the stagger element;

(v) a second translation initiation sequence; and

(vi) the second expression sequence that encodes the second hormone.

13 . The pharmaceutical composition of claim 11 , wherein the covalently closed polyribonucleotide comprises, in the following order:

(i) a first spacer sequence;

(ii) the IRES;

(iii) the first expression sequence that encodes the first hormone;

(iv) a second spacer;

(v) the stagger element; and

(vi) the second expression sequence that encodes the second hormone.

14 . The pharmaceutical composition of claim 13 , wherein the covalently closed polyribonucleotide comprises, in the following order:

(i) the first spacer sequence;

(ii) the IRES;

(iii) the first expression sequence that encodes the first hormone;

(iv) the second spacer;

(v) the stagger element;

(vi) the second expression sequence that encodes the second hormone; and

(vii) a third spacer.

Assignments (4)
ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNOR'S INTEREST Recorded Dec 12, 2022
From: STEWART, MORAG HELEN; CIFUENTES-ROJAS, CATHERINE; PAEK, KI YOUNG
To: VL50, INC.
Reel/Frame 062051/0522 →
ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNOR'S INTEREST Recorded Dec 12, 2022
From: KAHVEJIAN, AVAK; PLUGIS, NICHOLAS MCCARTNEY; DE BOER, ALEXANDRA SOPHIE; WEINSTEIN, ERICA GABRIELLE; TROUSIL, SEBASTIAN
To: FLAGSHIP PIONEERING, INC.
Reel/Frame 062051/0529 →
ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNOR'S INTEREST Recorded Dec 12, 2022
From: VL50, INC.
To: FLAGSHIP PIONEERING, INC.
Reel/Frame 062051/0560 →
ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNOR'S INTEREST Recorded Dec 12, 2022
From: FLAGSHIP PIONEERING, INC.
To: FLAGSHIP PIONEERING INNOVATIONS VI, LLC
Reel/Frame 062051/0565 →
Continuity (8)
Continuation 17482346 · Sep 22, 2021
Continuation 17313963 · May 6, 2021
Continuation 17173991 · Feb 11, 2021
Continuation 16438073 · Jun 11, 2019
Continuation PCTUS2018065836 · Dec 14, 2018
Provisional Application 62676688 · May 25, 2018
Provisional Application 62599547 · Dec 15, 2017
Related Publication 20230070937A1 · Mar 9, 2023
References Cited (244)
US 5223409A · Ladner et al. · 1993 [cited by applicant]
US 5426180A · Kool · 1995 [cited by applicant]
US 5438119A · Rutter et al. · 1995 [cited by applicant]
US 5440016A · Blondelle et al. · 1995 [cited by applicant]
US 5463564A · Agrafiotis et al. · 1995 [cited by applicant]
US 5523735A · Goseberg et al. · 1996 [cited by applicant]
US 5525735A · Gallop et al. · 1996 [cited by applicant]
US 5541061A · Fodor et al. · 1996 [cited by applicant]
US 5545568A · Ellman · 1996 [cited by applicant]
US 5549974A · Holmes · 1996 [cited by applicant]
US 5565324A · Still et al. · 1996 [cited by applicant]
US 5571698A · Ladner et al. · 1996 [cited by applicant]
US 5574656A · Agrafiotis et al. · 1996 [cited by applicant]
US 5593853A · Chen et al. · 1997 [cited by applicant]
US 5639603A · Dower et al. · 1997 [cited by applicant]
US 5641862A · Rutter et al. · 1997 [cited by applicant]
US 5684711A · Agrafiotis et al. · 1997 [cited by applicant]
US 5688696A · Lebl · 1997 [cited by applicant]
US 5688997A · Baldwin et al. · 1997 [cited by applicant]
US 5697673A · Favaretto · 1997 [cited by applicant]
US 5698673A · Blondelle et al. · 1997 [cited by applicant]
US 5708153A · Dower et al. · 1998 [cited by applicant]
US 5712128A · Been et al. · 1998 [cited by applicant]
US 5721099A · Still et al. · 1998 [cited by applicant]
US 5731423A · Kakarla et al. · 1998 [cited by applicant]
US 5734018A · Rutter et al. · 1998 [cited by applicant]
US 5741713A · Brown et al. · 1998 [cited by applicant]
US 5766903A · Sarnow · 1998 [cited by examiner]
US 5773244A · Ares, Jr. et al. · 1998 [cited by applicant]
US 5877160A · Harper et al. · 1999 [cited by applicant]
US 6210931B1 · Feldstein et al. · 2001 [cited by applicant]
US 8084599B2 · Rossi et al. · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US 8349809B2 · Brown · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 8513207B2 · Brown · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 9822378B2 · Kruse · 2017 [cited by examiner]
US 10407683B2 · Nelson et al. · 2019 [cited by applicant]
US 10953033B2 · Stewart et al. · 2021 [cited by applicant]
US 11000547B2 · Goldberg et al. · 2021 [cited by applicant]
US 11058706B2 · Stewart et al. · 2021 [cited by applicant]
US 11160822B2 · De Boer et al. · 2021 [cited by applicant]
US 11458156B2 · De Boer et al. · 2022 [cited by applicant]
US 11844759B2 · Kahvejian et al. · 2023 [cited by applicant]
US 12357653B2 · Kahvejian et al. · 2025 [cited by applicant]
US 20030082768A1 · Baskerville et al. · 2003 [cited by applicant]
US 20050015829A1 · Koop et al. · 2005 [cited by applicant]
US 20050059005A1 · Tuschl et al. · 2005 [cited by applicant]
US 20050112639A1 · Wang et al. · 2005 [cited by applicant]
US 20050176940A1 · King · 2005 [cited by applicant]
US 20050261218A1 · Esau et al. · 2005 [cited by applicant]
US 20060292611A1 · Berka et al. · 2006 [cited by applicant]
US 20100129877A1 · Sahin et al. · 2010 [cited by applicant]
US 20100137407A1 · Abe et al. · 2010 [cited by applicant]
US 20140068797A1 · Doudna et al. · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 20140134636A1 · Kim et al. · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 20150064236A1 · Bancel et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 20150079630A1 · Abe et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 20150299702A1 · Kjems et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 20160194368A1 · Hoge et al. · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 20170042782A1 · Wendel et al. · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 20180023079A1 · Dimmeler et al. · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 20180037894A1 · Bovell et al. · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 20190345503A1 · Chang · 2019 [cited by examiner]
US 20200131498A1 · Martini et al. · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 20200306286A1 · Stewart et al. · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 20210292761A1 · Kahvejian et al. · 2021 [cited by applicant]
US 20210371494A1 · Wesselhoeft et al. · 2021 [cited by applicant]
US 20220088049A1 · Kahvejian et al. · 2022 [cited by applicant]
US 20220142896A1 · Kahvejian et al. · 2022 [cited by applicant]
US 20220143062A1 · Kahvejian et al. · 2022 [cited by applicant]
US 20220296729A1 · Kahvejian et al. · 2022 [cited by applicant]
CN 105664239A · 2016 [cited by applicant]
CN 106222174A · 2016 [cited by applicant]
DE 102005001784A1 · 2006 [cited by applicant]
EP 1598421A2 · 2005 [cited by applicant]
EP 1723958A2 · 2006 [cited by applicant]
EP 2996697B1 · 2019 [cited by applicant]
JP 2008278784A · 2008 [cited by applicant]
WO 199201813A1 · 1992 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2007016507A2 · 2007 [cited by applicant]
WO 2010084371A1 · 2010 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2013053481A1 · 2013 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2013151663A1 · 2013 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2013151664A1 · 2013 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2013151665A2 · 2013 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2013151666A2 · 2013 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2013151668A2 · 2013 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2013151669A1 · 2013 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2013151670A2 · 2013 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2013151671A1 · 2013 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2013151672A2 · 2013 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2013151736A2 · 2013 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2014039523A1 · 2014 [cited by applicant]
WO 2014164253A1 · 2014 [cited by applicant]
WO 2014186334A1 · 2014 [cited by applicant]
WO 2015023975A1 · 2015 [cited by applicant]
WO 2015034925A1 · 2015 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2015058069A1 · 2015 [cited by applicant]
WO 2015164674A1 · 2015 [cited by applicant]
WO 2016011222A2 · 2016 [cited by applicant]
WO 2016197121A1 · 2016 [cited by applicant]
WO 2017001570A2 · 2017 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2017040815A1 · 2017 [cited by applicant]
WO 2017222911A1 · 2017 [cited by applicant]
WO 2018191722A1 · 2018 [cited by applicant]
WO 2018237372A1 · 2018 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2019118919A1 · 2019 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2019236673A1 · 2019 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2020023655A1 · 2020 [cited by applicant]
WO 2020173171A1 · 2020 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2020180751A1 · 2020 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2020180752A1 · 2020 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2020181013A1 · 2020 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2020198403A2 · 2020 [cited by applicant]
WO 2020257727A1 · 2020 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2020252436A1 · 2020 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2020257730A1 · 2020 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2021155171A1 · 2021 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2021155175A1 · 2021 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2021155177A1 · 2021 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2021236930A1 · 2021 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2021236952A1 · 2021 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2021236980A1 · 2021 [cited by applicant]
Abe, et al., Rolling circle translation of circular RNA in living human cells. Scientific Reports, 2015; 5: 16435. [cited by applicant]
Abouhaidar, et al., Novel coding, translation, and gene expression of a replicating covalently closed circular RNA of 220 nt. PNAS, Aug. 30, 2016; 113(35):E5253, 14542-14547. [cited by applicant]
Agresti et al.: Selection of Ribozymes that Catalyse Multiple-Turnover Diels-Alder Cycloadditions by Using in Vitro Compartmentalization. Proc Natl Acad Sci US A. 102(45): 16170-16175 (2005). [cited by applicant]
Alhasan, et al., Circular RNA enrichment in platelets is a signature of transcriptome degradation. Blood, Mar. 3, 2016; 127(9):e1-e11. [cited by applicant]
Anand et al.: MicroRNA-Mediated Regulation of the Angiogenic Switch. Curr Opin Hematol. 18(3): 171-176 (2011). [cited by applicant]
Auslander et al.: A Ligand-Dependent Hammerhead Ribozyme Switch for Controlling Mammalian Gene Expression. Mal Biosyst. 6(5): 807-814 (2010). [cited by applicant]
Bartel, “MicroRNAs: Genomics, Biogenesis, Mechanism, and Function”, Cell, vol. 116, pp. 281-297, Jan. 23, 2004. [cited by applicant]
Bartel. MicroRNAs: target recognition and regulatory functions. Cell 136:215-233 (2009). [cited by applicant]
Beaudry, et al., An efficient strategy for the synthesis of circular RNA molecules. Nucleic Acids Research, 1995; 23 (15):3064-3066. [cited by applicant]
Bee Harry et al.: Conserved Features of an RNA Promoter for RNA Polymerase II Determined from Sequence Heterogeneity of a Hepatitis Delta Virus Population. Virology 450-451: 165-173 (2014). [cited by applicant]
Birmingham et al., “3 UTR Seed Matches, but Not Overall Identity are Associated with RNAi Off-Targets”; Nature Methods, 3(3): 199-204 (2006); Addendum: Nature Methods, 3(6): 487 (2006). [cited by applicant]
Bonauer et al.: Vascular MicroRNAs. Curr Drug Targets. 11(8): 943-949 (2010). [cited by applicant]
Carmona, “Circular RNA: Design Criteria for Optimal Therapeutic Utility,” Dissertation, Harvard Librarym, Office for Scholarly Communication, Jan. 19, 2019, 129 pages. [cited by applicant]
Chen et al. Fusion protein linkers: Property, design and functionality. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 65:1357-1369 (2013). [cited by applicant]
Chen et al.: Sensing Self and Foreign Circular RNAs by Intron Identity. Molecular Cell. 67:228-238.e1-e5. (2017). [cited by applicant]
Chesnoy et al. Structure and function of lipid-DNA complexes for gene delivery. Annu Rev Biophys Biomol Struct. 29:27-47 (2000). [cited by applicant]
Claire Roulston (PhD Dissertation. University of St. Andrews. 2015 “Occurrence & Function of Cellular 2A Sequences” http:/hdl.handle.net/10023/7062). (Year: 2015) 282 pages. [cited by applicant]
Cong et al. Multiplex genome engineering using CRISPR/Cas systems. Science 339:819-823 (2013). [cited by applicant]
Contreras et al.: MicroRNAs in Inflammation and Immune Responses. Leukemia. 26(3): 404-413 (2012) oi:0.1038/leu.2011.356. Epub Dec. 20, 2011. [cited by applicant]
Defenbaugh et al.: Hepatitis Delta Antigen Requires a Minimum Length of the Hepatitis Delta Virus Unbranched Rod RNA Structure for Binding. Journal of Virology 83(9): 4548-4556 (2009). [cited by applicant]
Ding et al.: Three-Dimensional RNA Structure Refinement by Hydroxyl Radical Probing. Nat Methods. 9(6): 603-608. doi:10.1038/nmeth.1976. (2012) 20 pages. [cited by applicant]
Doench et al., “siRNAs can function as miRNAs,” Genes & Dev, 17:438-442, 2003. [cited by applicant]
Dudekula, et al., Circinteractome: A web tool for exploring circular RNAs and their interacting proteins and microRNAs. RNA Biology, 2016; 13(1 ): 34-42. [cited by applicant]
Elabd et al.: DNA Methyltransferase-3-Dependent Nonrandom Template Segregation in Differentiating Embryonic Stem Cells. J. Cell Biol. 203(1): 73-85 (2013). [cited by applicant]
Gentner et al.: Exploiting MicroRNA Regulation for Genetic Engineering. Tissue Antigens 80(5): 393-403 (2012). [cited by applicant]
Gori et al.: Delivery and Specificity of CRISPR-Cas9 Genome Editing Technologies for Human Gene Therapy. Hum Gene Ther. 26(7): 443-451 doi: 10.1089/hum.2015.074 (2015). [cited by applicant]
Griffin et al.: Hepatitis Delta Antigen Requires a Flexible Quasi-Double-Stranded RNA Structure to Bind and Condense Hepatitis Delta Virus RNA in a Ribonucleoprotein Complex. J Viral. 88(13): 7402-7411 doi: 10.1128/JVI.… [cited by applicant]
Grimson et al.: MicroRNA Targeting Specificity in Mammals:Determinants Beyond Seed Pairing. Molecular Cell 27 (1 ): 91-105 (2007). [cited by applicant]
Guedj, et al., Understanding early serum hepatitis D virus and HBsAg kinetics during pegylated interferon-alfa therapy via mathematical modeling. Hepatology, Dec. 2014; 60(6): 1902-1910. [cited by applicant]
Hendel, et al. Chemically modified guide RNAs enhance CRISPR-Cas genome editing in human primary cells. Nat Biotechnol. Sep. 2015;33(9):985-9. doi: 10.1038/nbt.3290. Epub Jun. 29, 2015. [cited by applicant]
International search report with written opinion dated Mar. 28, 2019 for PCT/US2018/065836. [cited by applicant]
International Search Report, Int'l Application No. PCT/US2020/038835, mailed Oct. 10, 2020, 5 pages. [cited by applicant]
Iwasaki et al.: Rocaglates Convert DEAD-Box Protein elF4A into a Sequence-Selective Translational Repressor. Nature 534: 558-561 http://www.nature.com/articles/nature 17978(2016). [cited by applicant]
Izuogu, et al., Analysis of human ES cell differentiation establishes that the dominant isoforms of the IncRNAs RMST and FIRRE are circular. BMC Genomics, 2018; 19: 276, 1-18. [cited by applicant]
Kash et al.: Selective Translation of Eukaryotic mRNAs: Functional Molecular Analysis of GRSF-1, a Positive Regulator of Influenza Virus Protein Synthesis. Journal of Virology. 76(20): 10417-10426 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.76.20… [cited by applicant]
Kimoto et al.: Genetic Alphabet Expansion Transcription Generating Functional RNA Molecules Containing a Five-Letter Alphabet Including Modified Unnatural and Natural Base Nucleotides by Thermostable T7 RNA Polymerase V… [cited by applicant]
Kolonko et al.: Transcription of Potato Spindle Tuber Viroid by RNA Polymerase II Starts in the Left Terminal Loop. Virology 347: 392-404 (2006). [cited by applicant]
Kramer et al., “Combinatorial Controlof Drosophila Circular RNA Expression by Intronic Repeats, hnRNPs, and SR Proteins,” Genes & Development 29:2168-2182, 2015. [cited by applicant]
Kuznetsova, et al., Efficient Synthesis of DNA Dumbbells Using Template-Induced Chemical Ligation in Double-Stranded Polynucleotides Closed by Minihairpin Fragments. Antisense & Nucleic acid drug development. 1999; 9: 9… [cited by applicant]
Lagana et al.: Computational Design of Artificial RNA Molecules for Gene Regulation. Methods Mal Biol. 1269: 393-412 (2015). [cited by applicant]
Landgraf et al.: A Mammalian MicroRNA Expression Atlas Based on Small RNA Library Sequencing. Cell 129(7): 1401-1414 (2007). [cited by applicant]
Legnini et al.: Circ-ZNF609 Is a Circular RNA that Can Be Translated and Functions in Myogenesis. Mal Cell. 66(1): 22-37.e9 (2017) . [cited by applicant]
Leonti Eva et al.: Contact Inhibition and High Cell Density Deactivate the Mammalian target of Rapamycin Pathway, thus Suppressing the Senescence Program. PNAS 111 (24 ): 8832-8837 (2014) . [cited by applicant]
Lewis et al.: RNA Modifications and Structures Cooperate to Guide RNA-Protein Interactions. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 18(3): 202-210 (2017). [cited by applicant]
Li, et al., Discovering the interactions between circular RNAs and RNA-binding proteins from CLIP-seq Data using circScan. Mar. 11, 2017. 1-19. [cited by applicant]
Lim et al., Microarray analysis shows that some microRNAs downregulate large numbers of target mRNAs, Nature, 433(7027):769-773, 2005. [cited by applicant]
Lingor et al.: Transfection of “Naked” siRNA Results in Endosomal Uptake and Metabolic Impairment in Cultured Neurons. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 315(4): 1126-1133 (2004). [cited by applicant]
Liu et al.: VSV-G Viral Envelope Glycoprotein Prepared from Pichia Pastoris Enhances Transfection of DNA into Animal Cells. J. Microbial. Biotechnol. 27(6): 1098-1105 (2017). [cited by applicant]
Mair et al.: Size-Uniform 200 nm Particles: Fabrication and Application to Magnetofection. J Biomed Nanotechnol. 5(2): 182 (2009) 20 pages. [cited by applicant]
Marchanka et al.: RNA Structure Determination by Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy. Nature Communications 6:7024 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8024 (2015) 7 pages. [cited by applicant]
Wesselhoeft et al., “Engineering circular RNA for potent and stable translation in eukaryotic cells,” Nat Comm. 9(1):2629 (Jul. 2018) (10 pages). [cited by applicant]
Micura, “Cyclic Oligoriboneucleotides (RNA) by Solid-Phase Synthesis,” Chem Eur J. 5(7):2077-82 (1999). [cited by applicant]
Angenendt et al., “Cell-Free Protein Expression and Functional Assay in Nanowell Chip Format,” Anal Chem. 76(7):1844-9 (2004). [cited by applicant]
Angenendt et al., “Generation of High Density Protein Microarrays by Cell-free in Situ Expression of Unpurified PCR Products,” Mol Cell Proteomics. 5(9):1658-66 (2006). [cited by applicant]
Bird et al., “Single-chain antigen-binding proteins,” Science. 242(4877):423-6 (1988) (5 pages). [cited by applicant]
Chatterjee et al., “Protein technologies,” Curr Opin Biotechnology. 17:334-6 (2006). [cited by applicant]
Costello et al., “Reinventing the Wheel: Synthetic Circular RNAs for Mammalian Cell Engineering,” Trends Biotechnol. 38(2):217-30 (2020) (15 pages). [cited by applicant]
Goldstein, “Effect of Alcohol on Cellular Membranes,” Ann Emerg Med. 15(9):1013-8 (1986). [cited by applicant]
He et al., “Arraying proteins by cell-free synthesis,” Biomol Eng. 24(4):375-80 (2007). [cited by applicant]
He et al., “DiscernArray™ technology: a cell-free method for the generation of protein arrays from PCR DNA,” J Immunol Methods. 274(1-2):265-70 (2003). [cited by applicant]
He et al., “In situ synthesis of protein arrays,” Curr Opin Biotechnol. 19(1):4-9 (2008). [cited by applicant]
He et al., “Printing protein arrays from DNA arrays,” Nat Methods. 5(2):175-7 (2008). [cited by applicant]
He et al., “Single step generation of protein arrays from DNA by cell-free expression and in situ immobilisation (PISA method),” Nucleic Acids Res. 29(15):E73-3 (2001) (6 pages). [cited by applicant]
Huston et al., “Protein engineering of antibody binding sites: recovery of specific activity in an anti-digoxin single-chain Fv analogue produced in [cited by applicant]
Ingólfsson et al., “Alcohol's Effects on Lipid Bilayer Properties,” Biophys J. 101(4):847-55 (2011). [cited by applicant]
Katzen et al., “The past, present and future of cell-free protein synthesis,” Trends Biotechnol. 23(3):150-6 (2005). [cited by applicant]
Kilb et al., “Protein microarray generation by in situ protein expression from template DNA,” Eng Life Sci. 14:352-64 (2014). [cited by applicant]
Kinpara et al., “A Picoliter Chamber Array for Cell-Free Protein Synthesis,” J Biochem 136(2):149-54 (2004). [cited by applicant]
Marchanka et al., “RNA structure determination by solid-state NMR spectroscopy,” Nat Commun. 6:7024 (2015) (7 pages). [cited by applicant]
Qin et al., “Structure, Regulation, and Function of Linear and Circular Long Non-Coding RNAs,” Front Genet. 11:150 (Mar. 3, 2020) (15 pages). [cited by applicant]
Ramachandran et al., “Self-Assembling Protein Microarrays,” Science. 305(5680):86-90 (2004) (6 pages). [cited by applicant]
Stadel et al., “Orphan G protein-coupled receptors: a neglected opportunity for pioneer drug discovery,” Trends Pharmacol Sci. 18(11):430-7 (1997). [cited by applicant]
Stevens, “Design of high-throughput methods of protein production for structural biology,” Structure. 8(9):R177-85 (2000). [cited by applicant]
Takulapalli et al., “High Density Diffusion-Free Nanowell Arrays,” J Proteome Res. 11(8):4382-91 (2012). [cited by applicant]
Tao et al., “Protein chip fabrication by capture of nascent polypeptides,” Nat Biotechnol. 24(10):1253-4 (2006) (3 pages). [cited by applicant]
Ward et al., “Binding activities of a repertoire of single immunoglobulin variable domains secreted from [cited by applicant]
Liang et al., “Short intronic repeat sequences facilitate circular RNA production,” Genes Dev. 28(20):2233-47 (Oct. 2014) (16 pages). [cited by applicant]
Chen et al., “Initiation of Protein Synthesis by the Eukaryotic Translational Apparatus on Circular RNAs” Science. 268(5209):415-417 (1995) (5 pages). [cited by applicant]
Klein et al., “Structural Basis of glmS ribozyme activation by glucosamine-6-phosphate”. Science. 313(5794): 1752-1756 (2006). [cited by applicant]
Newick et al., “CAR T Cell Therapy for Solid Tumors,” Annu Rev Med. 68:139-152 (Jan. 2017). [cited by applicant]
Matsuda et al.: Determinants of initiation codon selection during translation in mammalian cells. PLoS One. 5(11): e15057 (2010) . [cited by applicant]
Mignone et al. Untranslated regions of mRNAs. Genome Biol. 2002;3(3):Reviews0004. Epub Feb. 28, 2002. [cited by applicant]
Miller et al.: Non-Viral CRISPR/Cas Gene Editing In Vitro and In Vivo Enabled by Synthetic Nanoparticle Co-Delivery of Cas9 mRNA and sgRNA. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 56(4 ): 1059-1063 (2017. [cited by applicant]
Muller et al.: An Efficient Method for Electroporation of Small Interfering RNAs into ENCODE Project Tier 1 GM12878 and K562 Cell Lines. Journal of Biomolecular Techniques 26(4):142-149 (2015). [cited by applicant]
Muller, et al., In vitro circularization of RNA. RNA Biology, 2017; 14(8): 1018-1027. [cited by applicant]
Neuhaus et al.: Nanoparticles as Transfection Agents: A Comprehensive Study with Ten Different Cell Lines. RSC Adv. 6: 18102-18112 (2016). [cited by applicant]
Ogawa, A.: Rational Design of Artificial Riboswitches Based on Ligand-Dependent Modulation of Internal Ribosome Entry in Wheat Germ Extract and their Applications as Label-Free Biosensors. RNA 17(3): 478-488 doi: 10.126… [cited by applicant]
Olton et al.: Nanostructured Calcium Phosphates (NanoCaPs) for Non-Viral Gene Delivery: Influence of the Synthesis Parameters on Transfection Efficiency. Biomaterials 28(6): 1267-1279 (2007) Epub Nov. 21, 2006. [cited by applicant]
Petkovic, et al., RNA circularization strategies in vivo and in vitro. Nucleic Acids Research, 2015; 43(4): 2454-2465. [cited by applicant]
Rajewsky, N., MicroRNA target predictions in animals, Nature Genetics Supplement, 2006; 38:S8-13. [cited by applicant]
Ran et al. Genome engineering using the CRISPR-Cas9 system. Nature Protocols 8:2281-2308 (2013). [cited by applicant]
Rozenski et al.: The RNA Modification Database: 1999 Update. Nucleic Acids Res. 27(1 ): 196-197 (1999). [cited by applicant]
Schlake et al., “Developing mRNA-Vaccine Technologies,” RNA Biology, 9:11, Nov. 12, 2012, pp. 1319-1330. [cited by applicant]
Sooter et al.: Toward Automated Nucleic Acid Enzyme Selection. Biol Chem. 382(9): 1327-1334 (2001). [cited by applicant]
Steeland et al.: Nanobodies as Therapeutics: Big Opportunities for Small Antibodies. Drug Discov Today. 21 (7): 1076-1113 (2016). [cited by applicant]
Tannous, B.A .: Gaussia Luciferase Reporter Assay for Monitoring Biological Processes in Culture and in Vivo. Nat Protec. 4(4): 582-591 (2009). [cited by applicant]
Tijerina et al.: OMS Footprinting of Structured RNAs and RNA-Protein Complexes. Nat Protec. 2(10): 2608-2623 (2007) doi:10.1038/nprot.2007.380. [cited by applicant]
Tonges et al.: Stearylated Octaarginine and Artificial Virus-Like Particles for Transfection of siRNA into Primary Rat Neurons. RNA 12: 1431-1438 (2006). [cited by applicant]
Touriol et al.: Generation of Protein Isoform Diversity by Alternative Initiation of Translation at Non-AUG Codons. Biology Cell 95(3-4): 169-178 (2003). [cited by applicant]
Tucker et al.: Riboswitches as Versatile Gene Control Elements. Curr Opin Struct Biol. 15(3): 342-348 (2005). [cited by applicant]
U.S. Appl. No. 16/438,073 Final Office Action dated Apr. 27, 2020. [cited by applicant]
U.S. Appl. No. 16/438,073 non-final Office Action dated Aug. 24, 2020. [cited by applicant]
U.S. Appl. No. 16/438,073 non-final Office Action dated Jan. 13, 2020. [cited by applicant]
Wang et al., “Efficient Backsplicing Produces Translatable Circular mRNAs,” RNA 21, 2015, pp. 172-179. [cited by applicant]
Wesselhoeft et al., “RNA Circularization Diminishes Immunogenicity and Can Extend Translation Duration In Vivo,” Molecular Cell, 74, May 2, 2019, pp. 508-520. [cited by applicant]
Wesselhoeft, et al., Engineering circular RNA for potent and stable translation in eukaryotic cells. Nature Communications, 2018: 9;2629, 10 pages. [cited by applicant]
Winkler et al.: Control of Gene Expression by a Natural Metabolite-Responsive Ribozyme. Nature 428(6980): 281-286 (2004). [cited by applicant]
Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority, Int'l Application No. PCT/US2020/038835, mailed Oct. 10, 2020, 9 pagse. [cited by applicant]
Wu et al. MicroRNAs direct rapid deadenylation of mRNA. PNAS USA 103(11 ):4034-4039 (2006). [cited by applicant]
Yu et al.: RNA Editing by ADAR1 Marks dsRNA as Self. Cell Res. 25(12): 1283-1284 (2015). [cited by applicant]
Zeng et al. Both natural and designed micro RNAs can inhibit the expression of cognate mRNAs when expressed in human cells. Mal. Cell. 9; 1327-33 (2002). [cited by applicant]
Zhang et al.: Cell-Penetrating Peptides as Noninvasive Transmembrane Vectors for the Development of Novel Multifunctional Drug-Delivery Systems. Journal of Controlled Release 229: 130-139 (2016). [cited by applicant]
Ziehler et al.: Probing RNA Structure with Chemical Reagents and Enzymes. Curr Protec Nucleic Acid Chem. 0 6: Unit-6.1. doi:10.1002/0471142700.nc0601s00. (2001) 24 pages. [cited by applicant]
Zuris et al.: Cationic Lipid-Mediated Delivery of Proteins Enables Efficient Protein-Based Genome Editing in Vitro and in Vivo. Nat Biotechnol. 33(1 ): 73-80 (2015). [cited by applicant]
Vora et al., “Next stop for the CRISPR revolution: RNA-guided epigenetic regulators,” FEBS J. 283(17):3181-93 (Sep. 2016). [cited by applicant]
Zheng et al., “Circular RNA profiling reveals an abundant circHIPK3 that regulates cell growth by sponging multiple miRNAs,” Nat Commun. 7:11215 (Apr. 2016) (13 pages). [cited by applicant]
Petrov et al., “RNA Purification by Preparative Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis,” Methods in Enzymology. 530:315-330 (Jan. 2013) (16 pages). [cited by applicant]
Walleshauser et al., “A Simple Approach for Evaluating Total MicroRNA Extraction from Mouse Brain Tissues,” JASMI. 2(1):5-12 (Jan. 2012) (8 pages). [cited by applicant]
Zheng et al., “Protein L: a novel reagent for the detection of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) expression by flow cytometry,” J Transl Med. 10:29 (Feb. 2012) (6 pages). [cited by applicant]
Thess et al., “Sequence-engineered mRNA without chemical nucleoside modifications enables an effective protein therapy in large animals,” Mol Ther. 23(9):1456-64 (2015). [cited by applicant]
Jones & Gowans et al., “Long-Term Storage of DNA-Free RNA for use in Vaccine Studies.” Bio Techniques, 43(5), 675-681. (Nov. 2007)(14 pages). [cited by applicant]
Schmid et al., “Considerations for Producing mRNA Vaccines for Clinical Trials”. In: Kramps, T., Elbers, K. (eds) RNA Vaccines. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol. 1499. Humana Press, New York, NY. (2007)(Abstract Only). [cited by applicant]