Transition metal hexacyanometallate-conductive polymer composite
A transition metal hexacyanometallate (TMHCM)-conductive polymer (CP) composite electrode is provided. The battery electrode is made up of a current collector and a transition metal hexacyanometallate-conductive polymer composite overlying the current collector. The transition metal hexacyanometallate-conductive polymer includes a A X M1 Y M2 Z (CN) N .M H 2 O material, where A may be alkali metal ions, alkaline earth metal ions, ammonium ions, or combinations thereof, and M1 and M2 are transition metal ions. The transition metal hexacyanometallate-conductive polymer composite also includes a conductive polymer material. In one aspect, the conductive polymer material is polyaniline (PANI) or polypyrrole (Ppy). Also presented herein are methods for the fabrication of a TMHCM-CP composite.
1. A transition metal hexacyanometallate (TMHCM)-conductive polymer (CP) composite battery electrode for use in an electrochemical cell (battery) with a non-aqueous electrolyte, the battery electrode comprising:
a current collector;
a transition metal hexacyanometallate-conductive polymer composite overlying the current collector, comprising:
a A X M1 Y M2 Z (CN) N .M H 2 O material;
where A is selected from a group consisting of alkali metal ions, alkaline earth metal ions, ammonium ions, and combinations thereof;
where M1 is a first transition metal ion;
where M2 is a second transition metal ion;
where X is in a range of 0 to 2;
where Y is in a range of 0 to 2;
where Z is in a range of 0.1 to 2;
where N is in a range of 1 to 6;
where M is in a range of 0 to 7;
a conductive polymer material; and,
wherein the TMHCM electrode capacity is increased in response to the conductive polymer material.
2. The battery electrode of claim 1 wherein the A ions are selected from a group consisting of lithium (Li + ), sodium (Na + ), potassium (K + ), rubidium (Rb + ), cesium (Cs + ), calcium (Ca 2+ ), magnesium (Mg 2+ ), and ammonium (NH 4 + ).
3. The battery electrode of claim 1 wherein the first and second transition metal ions M1 and M2 are each independently derived, as selected from a group consisting of titanium (Ti), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn).
4. A method for the fabrication of a transition metal hexacyanometallate (TMHCM)-conductive polymer (CP) composite for use as an electrode in an electrochemical cell (battery) with a non-aqueous electrolyte, the method comprising:
providing a A X M1 Y M2 Z (CN) N .M H 2 O material;
where A is selected from a group consisting of alkali metal ions, alkaline earth metal ions, ammonium ions, and combinations thereof;
where M1 is a first transition metal ion;
where M2 is a second transition metal ion;
where X is in a range of 0 to 2;
where Y is in a range of 0 to 2;
where Z is in a range of 0.1 to 2;
where N is in a range of 1 to 6;
where M is in a range of 0 to 7;
mixing the A X M1 Y M2 Z (CN) N .M H 2 O material suspended in a matrix with a CP material; and,
forming a A X M1 Y M2 Z (CN) N .M H 2 O-CP composite.
5. The method of claim 4 wherein mixing the A X M1 Y M2 Z (CN) N .M H 2 O material with the CP material includes mixing in the presence of a solvent.
6. The method of claim 4 wherein providing the A X M1 Y M2 Z (CN) N .M H 2 O material includes the A ions being selected from a group consisting of lithium (Li + ), sodium (Na + ), potassium (K + ), rubidium (Rb + ), cesium (Cs + ), calcium (Ca 2+ ), magnesium (Mg 2+ ), and ammonium (NH 4 + ).
7. The method of claim 4 wherein providing the A X M1 Y M2 Z (CN) N .M H 2 O material includes the first and second transition metal ions M1 and M2 each being independently derived, as selected from a group consisting of titanium (Ti), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn).
8. A method for the fabrication of a transition metal hexacyanometallate (TMHCM)-conductive polymer (CP) composite, the method comprising:
forming a solution of CP material suspended in a matrix with a first transition metal M1 ion-containing material and a AM2(CN) 6 material:
where A is selected from a group consisting of alkali metal ions, alkaline earth metal ions, ammonium ions, and combinations thereof;
where M1 is a first transition metal ion;
where M2 is a second transition metal ion;
forming a A X M1 Y M2 Z (CN) N .M H 2 O-CP composite:
where X is in a range of 0 to 2;
where Y is in a range of 0 to 2;
where Z is in a range of 0.1 to 2;
where N is in a range of 1 to 6; and,
where M is in a range of 0 to 7.
9. The method of claim 8 wherein providing the solution includes the CP material being selected from a group consisting of polyaniline (PANI) and polypyrrole (Ppy).
10. The method of claim 8 wherein forming the solution includes the first and second transition metal ions M1 and M2 each being independently derived, as selected from a group consisting of titanium (Ti), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn).
11. A method for the fabrication of a transition metal hexacyanometallate (TMHCM)-conductive polymer (CP) composite for use as an electrode in an electrochemical cell (battery) with a non-aqueous electrolyte, the method comprising:
providing a solution of monomers suspended in a matrix;
adding a A X M1 Y M2 Z (CN) N .M H 2 O material to the monomers suspended in the matrix;
where A is selected from a group consisting of alkali metal ions, alkaline earth metal ions, ammonium ions, and combinations thereof;
where M1 is a first transition metal ion;
where M2 is a second transition metal ion;
where X is in a range of 0 to 2;
where Y is in a range of 0 to 2;
where Z is in a range of 0.1 to 2;
where N is in a range of 1 to 6;
where M is in a range of 0 to 7;
polymerizing the monomers; and,
forming a A X M1 Y M2 Z (CN) N .M H 2 O-CP composite.
12. The method of claim 11 wherein providing the solution includes the monomers being selected from a group consisting of aniline and pyrrole.
13. The method of claim 11 wherein forming the solution includes the A ions being selected from a group consisting of lithium (Li + ), sodium (Na + ), potassium (K + ), rubidium (Rb + ), cesium (Cs + ), calcium (Ca 2+ ), magnesium (Mg 2+ ), and ammonium (NH 4 + ).
14. The method of claim 11 wherein forming the solution includes the first and second transition metal ions M1 and M2 each being independently derived, as selected from a group consisting of titanium (Ti), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn).
15. The battery electrode of claim 1 wherein the conductive polymer is selected from a group consisting of polyaniline (PANI) and polypyrrole (Ppy).
16. The method of claim 4 wherein the CP material is selected from a group consisting of polyaniline (PANI) and polypyrrole (Ppy).