Fabrication method for metal battery electrode with pyrolyzed coating
A method is provided for forming a metal battery electrode with a pyrolyzed coating. The method provides a metallorganic compound of metal (Me) and materials such as carbon (C), sulfur (S), nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), and combinations of the above-listed materials, expressed as Me X C Y N Z S XX O YY , where Me is a metal such as tin (Sn), antimony (Sb), or lead (Pb), or a metal alloy. The method heats the metallorganic compound, and as a result of the heating, decomposes materials in the metallorganic compound. In one aspect, decomposing the materials in the metallorganic compound includes forming a chemical reaction between the Me particles and the materials. An electrode is formed of Me particles coated by the materials. In another aspect, the Me particles coated with a material such as a carbide, a nitride, a sulfide, or combinations of the above-listed materials.
1. A method for forming a metal battery electrode with a pyrolyzed coating, the method comprising:
providing a metallorganic compound of metal (Me) and materials selected from a group consisting of carbon (C), sulfur (S), nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), and combinations of the above-listed materials, expressed as Me X C Y N Z S XX O YY ;
where Me is selected from a group consisting of metals and metal alloys;
where X is greater than 0;
where Y is greater than 0;
where Z is greater than or equal to 0;
where XX is greater than or equal to 0;
where YY is greater than or equal to 0;
heating the metallorganic compound;
as a result of the heating, decomposing materials in the metallorganic compound, forming a chemical reaction between the Me particles and the materials; and,
forming an electrode comprising Me particles coated by materials selected from a group consisting of a carbide, a nitride, a sulfide, and combinations of the above-listed materials.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein heating the metallorganic compound includes heating the metallorganic compound in an atmosphere selected from a group consisting of inert gases and an atmosphere including a reducing agent.
3. The method of claim 2 wherein the atmosphere including the reducing agent is selected from a group consisting of hydrogen-containing nitrogen, ammonia-containing nitrogen, hydrogen-containing argon, and ammonia-containing argon.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein heating the metallorganic compound includes heating with an energy source selected from a group consisting of a furnace, a laser, microwave, and plasma.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein providing the metallorganic compound includes providing an Me source selected from a group consisting of tin (Sn), antimony (Sb), lead (Pb), and combinations of the above-listed metals.
6. The method of claim 1 further comprising:
subsequent to forming the electrode comprising Me particles coated by the materials, treating with trace elements selected from a group consisting of oxidants and nitrogen; and,
forming an end product respectfully selected from a group consisting of metal oxides and metal nitrides.
7. The method of claim 1 wherein forming the electrode includes forming the Me particles coated by the materials on a conductive current collector.
8. The method of claim 1 wherein forming the electrode comprising Me particles coated by the materials includes forming particles having a diameter in a range of 1 nanometer and 500 microns.
9. The method of claim 1 wherein providing the metallorganic compound includes providing a metallorganic compound where Me is a tin (Sn), comprising a precursor selected from a group consisting of tin 2-ethylhexanoate, tin bis(acetylacetonate) dichloride, tin bis(acetylacetonate) dibromide, tin oxalate, tin tert-butoxide, tin acetylacetonate, tin stearate, tetrakis (dimethylamido) tin, tin phthalocyanine oxide, tin phthocyanine, tin ionophore, tin 2,3-naphthalocyanine, tin 2,3-naphthalocyanine dichloride/dibromide, tributyl(vinyl) tin, trimethyl(phenyl) tin, tributyl (phenylethynyl) tin, tributyl (1-ethoxyvinyl) tin, bis[bis(trimethylsilyl)amino] tin, tributyl (1-propynyl) tin, tributyl (3-methyl-2-butenyl) tin, tetrakis (diethylamido) tin, trimethyl (phenylethynyl) tin, butyl (1-propenyl) tin, dioctyl (maleate) tin, tetramethyl tin, tetrabutyl tin, tetraphenyl tin, (trimethyl stannyl) acetylene, stannane, (nitrophenyl) tin oxide, ethylhexanoyloxy-thrimethylhexyl-tin, tetrakis (hydroxyphenyl) tin, tetrakis(chlorophenyl) tin, tetrakis (tolyl) tin, tetrakis (pentafluorophenyl) tin, tetrakis (triphenylsilyl) tin, tetrakis (triphenyl stannyl) tin, triphenyl tin, triphenyl (triphenyl methyl) tin, tributyl tin dichloride, trimethyltin chloride, tributyl tin, dimethyltin dichloride, dibutyltin dichloride, cyhexatin, diphenyltin dichloride, tetraethyl tin, (tributyl tin) oxide, tributyl tin methoxide, butyltin trichloride, dibutylin oxide, triphenyltin hydroxide, fentin, dibutyl dimethoxytin, butyltin oxide, tributyltin fluoride and its polymer, tricyclohexyltin chloride, and dibutyl chlorotin oxide.
10. The method of claim 1 wherein providing the metallorganic compound includes providing a metallorganic compound where Me is antimony (Sb), comprising a precursor selected from a group consisting of antimony acetate, potassium antimony tartrate, antimony ethoxide, antimony methoxide, antimony isopropoxide, antimony propoxide, (dimethylamido)antimony, triphenylantimony, dichlorotris(4-bromophenyl)antimony, (naphthyl) antimony, ((trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-antimony, ((diethylamino)phenyl)antimony, bromophenyl antimony, dibenzofuryl antimony, tolyl antimony, triphenylantimony dichloride, and antimony phtealocyanine.
11. The method of claim 1 wherein providing the metallorganic compound includes providing a metallorganic compound where Me is lead (Pb), comprising a precursor selected from a group consisting of lead acetate, lead subacetate, lead citrate, lead phthalocyanine, lead methanesulfonate, lead acetylacetonate, lead tetrakis (4-cumylphenoxy)phthalocyanine, lead ionophore, Bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionato)lead, triphenyl(phenylethynyl)lead, lead 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropionate, benzyl tri(p-tolyl)lead, bis-(ethyl thio)lead, hexadecyl thio lead, (methyl thio) lead, chlorodiphenyl (4-pentenyl) lead, chloro tris (4-chlorophenyl) lead, chloro tris(4-methoxyphenyl) lead, di(2-furyl) bis(4-methoxyphenyl) lead, diphenyldi (1-pyrrolyl) lead, diphenyldi (p-tolyl) lead, iodo tris (mesityl) lead, and terakis (2-methoxyphenyl) lead).
12. The method of claim 1 wherein heating the metallorganic compound includes heating at a temperature in a range of 200 to 2500 degrees C.
13. The method of claim 1 wherein providing the metallorganic compound includes providing a plurality of metallorganic compounds with independent definitions of Me, X, Y, Z, XX , and YY.
14. The method of claim 1 wherein heating the metallorganic compound includes reducing the heating time from a first duration to a second duration; and,
wherein forming the electrode comprising Me particles coated by the materials includes reducing a size of the Me particles coated by the materials from a first size, to a second size in response to the second duration of time.