Linear hall effect sensors for multi-phase permanent magnet motors with PWM drive
Low cost linear Hall Effect sensors are used for determining motor shaft positions and generating voltages proportional to the motor shaft positions. The voltages from the linear Hall Effect sensors are compared to a triangle waveform and PWM signals are generated therefrom. A constant current source and constant current sink are used in the triangle waveform generator. The voltages from the linear Hall Effect sensors are adjusted to change the PWM duty cycles used to startup and vary the speed of the motor. Comparators compare the voltages from the Hall Effect sensors and product the PWM signals having duty cycles proportional to the voltage drive requirements of the motor.
1. A method for determining angular position of a rotatable motor shaft, said method comprising the steps of:
providing a three phase permanent magnet motor having the rotatable motor shaft with a magnet thereon;
providing first, second and third linear Hall Effect sensors, wherein the first, second and third linear Hall Effect sensors are located around the motor shaft and spaced 120 degrees apart, whereby the second sensor rotationally lags the first sensor by 120 degrees and the third sensor rotationally lags the second sensor by 120 degrees;
controlling the three phase permanent magnet motor by three pulse width modulated (PWM) signals, wherein the first PWM signal is generated using a voltage received from the first linear Hall Effect sensor, the second PWM signal is generated using a voltage received from the second linear Hall Effect sensor, and the third PWM signal is generated using a voltage received from the third linear Hall Effect sensor;
attenuating the voltages received from the first, second, and third Hall Effect sensor to rotate the motor;
providing a microcontroller which continuously receives the voltages from the first, second and third linear Hall Effect sensors to determine maximum and minimum voltage values from the first linear Hall Effect sensor;
wherein the microcontroller is further configured:
to save the determined maximum and minimum voltage values, as MaxA and MinA, respectively;
to calculate a peak value as PeakA=(MaxA−MinA)/2;
to calculate an average value as AverageA=(MaxA+MinA)/2;
wherein to determine the angular position of the motor shaft at any instant in time, the microcontroller is configured:
to measure and save output voltage values of the first, second and third linear Hall Effect sensors at an instant in time as MeasA, MeasB and MeasC, respectively;
to calculate SineA=(MaxA−AverageA)/PeakA;
to determine an Arcsine of SineA if SineA is positive or the Arcsine of an absolute value of SineA if SineA is negative and saving as ArcsineA;
wherein if
SineA is positive and MeasC>MeasB then the angular position of the motor shaft is ArcsineA,
SineA is positive and MeasB>MeasC then the angular position of the motor shaft is 180−ArcsineA,
SineA is negative and MeasC>MeasB then the angular position of the motor shaft is ArcsineA of the absolute value of SineA, and
SineA is negative and MeasB>MeasC then the angular position of the motor shaft is 180−ArcsineA of the absolute value of SineA.
2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the step of determining the Arcsine of SineA or the absolute value of SineA comprises the step of looking up the Arcsine of SineA or the absolute value of SineA from a table comprising a plurality of Sine to Arcsine values.
3. The method according to claim 2 , wherein the table of Sine to Arcsine values is stored as a lookup table in a memory of the microcontroller.
4. The method according to claim 3 , wherein the table of Sine to Arcsine values from 0 to 90 degrees is selected from the group consisting of 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4 and 5 degree increments.
5. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the step of determining an Arcsine comprises the step of determining an Arcsine of the absolute value of SineA and saving as ArcsineA.
6. The method according to claim 1 , wherein a first Hall Effect sensor magnet and a second Hall Effect sensor magnet are arranged around the motor shaft, wherein the second Hall Effect magnet has ⅙ the strength of the first Hall Effect sensor magnet and is arranged with respect to the first Hall Effect sensor magnet to generate a third harmonic of a fundamental frequency suppressing a peak of a Hall Effect sensor signal.
7. The method according to claim 1 , wherein a first Hall Effect sensor magnet and a second Hall Effect sensor magnet are arranged around the motor shaft, wherein the first Hall Effect sensor magnet comprises a first and second half, wherein the first half is a north pole and the second half is a south pole and a secondHall Effect magnet comprising six alternating north pole and south pole sections to generate a third harmonic of a fundamental frequency suppressing a peak of a Hall Effect sensor signal.
8. A method for determining angular position of a rotatable motor shaft, said method comprising the steps of:
providing a three phase permanent magnet motor having the rotatable motor shaft with a magnet and a third harmonic magnet thereon;
providing first, second and third linear Hall Effect sensors, wherein the first, second and third linear Hall Effect sensors are located around the motor shaft and spaced 120 degrees apart, whereby the second sensor rotationally lags the first sensor by 120 degrees and the third sensor rotationally lags the second sensor by 120 degrees;
controlling the three phase permanent magnet motor by three pulse width modulated (PWM) signals, wherein the first PWM signal is generated using a voltage received from the first linear Hall Effect sensor, the second PWM signal is generated using a voltage received from the second linear Hall Effect sensor, and the third PWM signal is generated using a voltage received from the third linear Hall Effect sensor;
attenuating the voltages received from the first, second, and third Hall Effect sensor to rotate the motor;
measuring voltage values MeasA, MeasB and MeasC from the first, second and third linear Hall Effect sensors, respectively;
calculating reconstructed voltage values MeasA′=MeasA−MeasB, MeasB′=MeasB−MeasC and MeasC′=MeasC−MeasA;
determining maximum and minimum voltage values of MeasA′ and saving as MaxA′ and MinA′, respectively;
calculating a peak value as Peak′=(MaxA′−MinA′)/2;
calculating an average value as Average′=(MaxA′+MinA′)/2;
measuring and saving output magnitudes of the first, second and third linear Hall Effect sensors at an instant in time as MeasA, MeasB and MeasC, respectively;
calculating SineA′=(MeasA′−Average′)/Peak′;
determining an Arcsine of SineA′ if SineA′ is positive or the Arcsine of an absolute value of SineA′ if SineA′ is negative and saving as ArcsineA;
wherein if
SineA′ is positive and MeasC′>MeasB′ then the angular position of the motor shaft is ArcsineA,
SineA′ is positive and MeasB′>MeasC′ then the angular position of the motor shaft is 180−ArcsineA,
SineA′ is negative and MeasC′>MeasB′ then the angular position of the motor shaft is ArcsineA of the absolute value of SineA′, and
SineA′ is negative and MeasB′>MeasC′ then the angular position of the motor shaft is 180−ArcsineA of the absolute value of SineA′.
9. The method according to claim 8 , wherein the step of determining the Arcsine of SineA′ or the absolute value of SineA′ comprises the step of looking up the Arcsine of SineA′ or the absolute value of SineA′ from a table comprising a plurality of Sine to Arcsine values.
10. The method according to claim 9 , wherein the table of Sine to Arcsine values is stored as a lookup table in a memory of a microcontroller.
11. A method for determining angular position of a rotatable motor shaft, said method comprising the steps of:
providing a two phase permanent magnet motor having the rotatable motor shaft with a magnet thereon;
providing first and second linear Hall Effect sensors, wherein the first and second linear Hall Effect sensors are located around the motor shaft and spaced 90 degrees apart, whereby the second sensor rotationally lags the first sensor by 90 degrees;
controlling the two phase permanent magnet motor by two pulse width modulated (PWM) signals, wherein the first PWM signal is generated using a voltage received from the first linear Hall Effect sensor and the second PWM signal is generated using a voltage received from the second linear Hall Effect sensor;
attenuating the voltages received from the first, second, and third Hall Effect sensor to rotate the motor;
measuring maximum and minimum voltage values from the first linear Hall Effect sensor;
saving the measured maximum and minimum voltage values, as MaxA and MinA, respectively;
calculating an average value as Average=(MaxA+MinA)/2;
measuring and saving output voltage values of the first and second linear Hall Effect sensors at an instant in time as MeasA and MeasB, respectively;
calculating A=(MaxA−Average), and B=(MaxB−Average);
calculating TangentX=A divided by B
wherein if
TangentX and A are positive then the angular position of the motor shaft is the Arctangent of TangentX,
TangentX is negative and A is positive then the angular position of the motor shaft is 180 minus the Arctangent of the absolute value of TangentX,
TangentX and A are both negative then the angular position of the motor shaft is the negative of the Arctangent of the absolute value of TangentX, and
TangentX is positive and A is negative then the angular position of the motor shaft is the negative of 180 minus the Arctangent of TangentX.
12. The method according to claim 11 , wherein the step of determining the Arctangent of TangentX or the absolute value of TangentX comprises the step of looking up the Arctangent of TangentX or the absolute value of TangentX from a table comprising a plurality of Tangent to Arctangent values.
13. The method according to claim 12 , wherein the table of Tangent to Arctangent values is stored as a lookup table in a memory of a microcontroller.
14. The method according to claim 11 , wherein a first Hall Effect sensor magnet and a second Hall Effect sensor magnet are arranged around the motor shaft, wherein the second Hall Effect magnet has ⅙ the strength of the first Hall Effect sensor magnet and is arranged with respect to the first Hall Effect sensor magnet to generate a third harmonic of a fundamental frequency suppressing a peak of a Hall Effect sensor signal.
15. The method according to claim 11 , wherein a first Hall Effect sensor magnet and a second Hall Effect sensor magnet are arranged around the motor shaft, wherein the first Hall Effect sensor magnet comprises a first and second half, wherein the first half is a north pole and the second half is a south pole and a secondHall Effect magnet comprising six alternating north pole and south pole sections to generate a third harmonic of a fundamental frequency suppressing a peak of a Hall Effect sensor signal.