Beta-hydroxybutyric acid compositions and methods for oral delivery of ketone bodies
Beta-hydroxybutyric acid compositions for oral delivery are substantially free of beta-hydroxybutyrate salts and are effective in rapidly raising blood ketone levels without causing acute acidosis or gastrointestinal (GI) distress when consumed in sufficiently dilute form and/or as a gel or suspension. By excluding beta-hydroxybutyrate salts (e.g., less than 1% by weight) containing alkali or alkaline earth metal ions, beta-hydroxybutyric acid solutions, gels, or suspensions can deliver exogenous ketone bodies without significantly altering electrolyte balance. Although aqueous beta-hydroxybutyric acid solutions are moderately acidic with a pH of about 3.5 to 4, when diluted with sufficient water, the water acts as a pseudo buffering agent that offsets otherwise harsh acidic effects when consumed orally. Gels and suspensions can also ameliorate acidic effects by partially encapsulating the beta-hydroxybutyric acid. Beta-hydroxybutyric acid can be enriched with the R- or the S-enantiomer, a racemic mixture, pure R-beta-hydroxybutyric acid, or pure S-beta-hydroxybutyric acid.
1. An aqueous beta-hydroxybutyric acid composition formulated as a nutritional supplement, or for addition to water, beverage, or food product, for ingestion by oral delivery to provide exogenous ketone bodies that exogenously increase blood ketone level in a mammal, the composition comprising:
water; and
0.4% w/v to 55% w/v of exogenous beta-hydroxybutyric acid in monomeric form at least partially dissolved in the water,
wherein the composition is free or substantially free of beta-hydroxybutyrate salts so as to contain less than 0.8% of total beta-hydroxybutyrate salts and greater than 99.2% of the exogenous beta-hydroxybutyric acid by combined weight of the exogenous beta-hydroxybutyric acid and any beta-hydroxybutyrate salts,
wherein the composition is free of 1,3-butanediol and ketone esters,
wherein the composition is a nutritional supplement that provides a unit dose of about 0.5 gram to about 25 grams of the exogenous beta-hydroxybutyric acid to exogenously increase blood ketone level in a mammal.
2. The aqueous beta-hydroxybutyric acid composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition is a dilute solution in which the exogenous beta-hydroxybutyric acid has a concentration of about 0.4% w/v to about 6% w/v.
3. The aqueous beta-hydroxybutyric acid composition of claim 2 , wherein the exogenous beta-hydroxybutyric acid has a concentration of about 0.6% w/v to about 5.5% w/v, or about 0.9% w/v to about 5% w/v, or about 1.2% w/v to about 4.5% w/v, or about 1.5% w/v to about 4% w/v.
4. The aqueous beta-hydroxybutyric acid composition of claim 1 , wherein about 4 oz. (about 120 ml) to about 16 oz. (about 475 ml) of the composition provides the unit dose of about 0.5 gram to about 25 grams of the exogenous beta-hydroxybutyrate to the mammal when consumed orally.
5. The aqueous beta-hydroxybutyric acid composition of claim 4 , wherein about 4 oz. (about 120 ml) to about 16 oz. (about 475 ml) of the composition provides a unit dose of about 0.75 gram to about 20 grams, or about 1 gram to about 15 grams, or about 1.5 grams to about 12 grams, or about 2 grams to about 10 grams, of the exogenous beta-hydroxybutyrate to the mammal when consumed orally.
6. The aqueous beta-hydroxybutyric acid composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition is a concentrated solution for addition to water, beverage, or food product in which the exogenous beta-hydroxybutyric acid has a concentration of about 6% w/v to about 55% w/v.
7. The aqueous beta-hydroxybutyric acid composition of claim 6 , wherein the exogenous beta-hydroxybutyric acid has a concentration of about 8% w/v to about 55% w/v, or about 10% w/v to about 50% w/v, or about 12.5% w/v to about 45% w/v, or about 15% w/v to about 40% w/v.
8. The aqueous beta-hydroxybutyric acid composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition contains less than 0.7%, or less than 0.6%, or less than 0.5%, or less than 0.4%, or less than 0.3%, or less than 0.2%, or less than 0.1%, of total beta-hydroxybutyrate salts and greater than 99.3%, or greater than 99.4%, or greater than 99.5%, or greater than 99.6%, or greater than 99.7%, or greater than 99.8%, or greater than 99.9%, of exogenous beta-hydroxybutyric acid by combined weight of the exogenous beta-hydroxybutyric acid and any beta-hydroxybutyrate salts.
9. The aqueous beta-hydroxybutyric acid composition of claim 1 , wherein the exogenous beta-hydroxybutyric acid is a non-racemic mixture enriched with R-beta-hydroxybutyric acid and contains greater than 50% and less than 100% by enantiomeric equivalents of R-beta-hydroxybutyric acid and less than 50% and greater than 0% by enantiomeric equivalents of S-beta-hydroxybutyric acid.
10. The aqueous beta-hydroxybutyric acid composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition is a gel and further comprises at least one gelling agent.
11. The aqueous beta-hydroxybutyric acid composition of claim 10 , wherein the gelling agent is selected from gellan gum, pectin, agar, carrageenan, xanthan gum, alginate, starch, modified starch, gum Arabic, guar gum, locust bean gum, konjac, gum tragacanth, acacia gum, gum karaya, methyl cellulose, agar, pullulan, konjac, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, other cellulosic compounds, other polysaccharide gums, gelatin, collagen, casein, other proteins, silica fume, and milled chia seeds.
12. The aqueous beta-hydroxybutyric acid composition of claim 6 , wherein the composition contains less water than is required to fully dissolve the exogenous beta-hydroxybutyric acid.
13. An aqueous beta-hydroxybutyric acid composition in the form of a nutritional beverage supplement for ingestion by oral delivery to provide exogenous ketone bodies that exogenously increase blood ketone level in a mammal, the composition comprising:
water; and
0.4% w/v to 5% w/v of exogenous beta-hydroxybutyric acid in monomeric form dissolved in the water to form an aqueous solution,
wherein the composition is free or substantially free of beta-hydroxybutyrate salts so as to contain less than 0.8% of beta-hydroxybutyrate salts and greater than 99.2% of the exogenous beta-hydroxybutyric acid by combined weight of the exogenous beta-hydroxybutyric acid and any beta-hydroxybutyrate salt,
wherein about 4 oz. (about 120 ml) to about 16 oz. (about 475 ml) of the composition when ingested by oral delivery provides a unit dose of about 0.5 gram to about 25 grams of total beta-hydroxybutyrate from the exogenous beta-hydroxybutyric acid and any beta-hydroxybutyrate salts,
wherein the composition is free of 1,3-butanediol and ketone esters,
wherein the composition has acidic pH and is formulated for ingestion by oral delivery as a nutritional beverage supplement to provide exogenous ketone bodies that exogenously increase blood ketone level in a mammal.
14. The aqueous beta-hydroxybutyric acid composition of claim 13 , wherein the exogenous beta-hydroxybutyric acid has a concentration of about 0.6% w/v to about 4.5% w/v.
15. The aqueous beta-hydroxybutyric acid composition of claim 13 , wherein the exogenous beta-hydroxybutyric acid has a concentration of about 0.9% w/v to about 4% w/v.
16. The aqueous beta-hydroxybutyric acid composition of claim 13 , wherein about 4 oz. (about 120 ml) to about 16 oz. (about 475 ml) of the composition provides a unit dose of about 1 gram to about 15 grams of beta-hydroxybutyrate to the mammal when consumed orally.
17. The aqueous beta-hydroxybutyric acid composition of claim 13 , wherein about 4 oz. (about 120 ml) to about 16 oz. (about 475 ml) of the composition provides a unit dose of about 1.5 grams to about 12 grams of beta-hydroxybutyrate to the mammal when consumed orally.
18. The aqueous beta-hydroxybutyric acid composition of claim 13 , wherein about 4 oz. (about 120 ml) to about 16 oz. (about 475 ml) of the composition provides a unit dose of about 2 grams to about 10 grams of beta-hydroxybutyrate to the mammal when consumed orally.
19. The aqueous beta-hydroxybutyric acid composition of claim 13 , wherein the composition is free of neutralizing base and beta-hydroxybutyrate salts and has a pH of less than 4.
20. An aqueous beta-hydroxybutyric acid composition in the form of a concentrated solution that can be added to water, beverage, or food to form an edible nutritional supplement for ingestion by oral delivery to provide exogenous ketone bodies that exogenously increase blood ketone level in a mammal, the composition comprising:
water; and
about 10% w/v to about 50% w/v of exogenous beta-hydroxybutyric acid in monomeric form at least partially dissolved in the water,
wherein the composition is free or substantially free of beta-hydroxybutyrate salts so as to contain less than 0.8% of beta-hydroxybutyrate salts and greater than 99.2% of exogenous beta-hydroxybutyric acid by combined weight of the exogenous beta-hydroxybutyric acid and any beta-hydroxybutyrate salts,
wherein the composition is free of 1,3-butanediol and ketone esters,
wherein the composition is a concentrated solution that when added to water, beverage, or food forms an edible nutritional supplement for ingestion by oral delivery to provide a unit dose of about 0.5 gram to about 25 grams of the exogenous beta-hydroxybutyric acid to provide exogenous ketone bodies that exogenously increase blood ketone level in a mammal.
21. The aqueous beta-hydroxybutyric acid composition of claim 20 , wherein the composition is free of neutralizing base and beta-hydroxybutyrate salts and has a pH of less than 4.
22. An aqueous beta-hydroxybutyric acid composition formulated as a nutritional supplement, or for addition to water, beverage, or food product, for ingestion by oral delivery to provide exogenous ketone bodies that exogenously increase blood ketone level in a mammal, the composition comprising:
water;
0.4% w/v to 55% w/v of exogenous beta-hydroxybutyric acid in monomeric form at least partially dissolved in the water; and
at least one component selected from the group consisting of a fruit juice, beverage, food product, alcohol, flavorant, sweetener, glycerin, propylene glycol, 1,3-propandiol, essential oil, vitamin, mineral, central nervous system stimulant, nootropic, edible acid in addition to the beta-hydroxybutyric acid, vasodilator, muscle-promoting compound, silica, effervescing agent, cannabinoid, amino acid, gellan gum, pectin, agar, carrageenan, xanthan gum, alginate, starch, modified starch, gum Arabic, guar gum, locust bean gum, konjac, gum tragacanth, acacia gum, gum karaya, methyl cellulose, agar, pullulan, konjac, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, cellulosic compounds, other polysaccharide gums, gelatin, collagen, casein, proteins, silica fume, and milled chia seeds,
wherein the composition is free or substantially free of beta-hydroxybutyrate salts so as to contain less than 0.8% of total beta-hydroxybutyrate salts and greater than 99.2% of the exogenous beta-hydroxybutyric acid by combined weight of the exogenous beta-hydroxybutyric acid and any beta-hydroxybutyrate salts,
wherein the composition is free of 1,3-butanediol, and free of ketone esters,
wherein the composition is formulated as a nutritional supplement that provides a unit dose of about 0.5 gram to about 25 grams of the exogenous beta-hydroxybutyric acid to exogenously increase blood ketone level in a mammal.
23. The aqueous beta-hydroxybutyric acid composition of claim 22 , wherein the composition is a dilute solution in which the exogenous beta-hydroxybutyric acid has a concentration of about 0.4% w/v to about 6% w/v.
24. The aqueous beta-hydroxybutyric acid composition of claim 22 , wherein the composition is a concentrated solution for addition to water, beverage, or food product in which the exogenous beta-hydroxybutyric acid has a concentration of about 6% w/v to about 60% w/v.
25. The aqueous beta-hydroxybutyric acid composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition is free of neutralizing base and beta-hydroxybutyrate salts and has a pH of less than 4.
26. The aqueous beta-hydroxybutyric acid composition of claim 22 , wherein the composition is free of neutralizing base and beta-hydroxybutyrate salts and has a pH of less than 4.
27. An aqueous beta-hydroxybutyric acid composition formulated as a nutritional supplement to exogenously increase blood ketone level in a mammal, the composition comprising:
water;
0.4% w/v to 55% w/v of exogenous beta-hydroxybutyric acid in monomeric form at least partially dissolved in the water; and
a gelling agent, wherein the composition is a gel,
wherein the composition is free or substantially free of beta-hydroxybutyrate salts so as to contain less than 0.8% of total beta-hydroxybutyrate salts and greater than 99.2% of the exogenous beta-hydroxybutyric acid by combined weight of the exogenous beta-hydroxybutyric acid and any beta-hydroxybutyrate salts,
wherein the composition is free of 1,3-butanediol and ketone esters,
wherein the composition is a nutritional supplement that provides a unit dose of about 0.5 gram to about 25 grams of the exogenous beta-hydroxybutyric acid to exogenously increase blood ketone level in a mammal.