Metal-doped transition metal hexacyanoferrate (TMHCF) battery electrode
A method is provided for synthesizing a metal-doped transition metal hexacyanoferrate (TMHCF) battery electrode. The method prepares a first solution of A x Fe(CN) 6 and Fe(CN) 6 , where A cations may be alkali or alkaline-earth cations. The method adds the first solution to a second solution containing M-ions and M′-ions. M is a transition metal, and M′ is a metal dopant. Subsequent to stirring, the mixture is precipitated to form A x M c M′ d Fe z (CN) n .mH 2 O particles. The A x M c M′ d Fe z (CN) n .mH 2 O particles have a framework and interstitial spaces in the framework, where M and M′ occupy positions in the framework. Alternatively, the method prepares A a A′ b M y Fe z (CN) n .mH 2 O particles. A and A′ occupy interstitial spaces in the A a A′ b M y Fe z (CN) n .mH 2 O particle framework. A metal-doped TMHCF electrode is also provided.
1. A metal-doped transition metal hexacyanoferrate (TMHCF) battery electrode, prior to assembly in a battery and being subjected to charge/discharge cycling, the electrode comprising;
a metal current collector;
A x M y Fe z (CN) n .mH 2 O particles overlying the current collector;
where A cations are selected from a group consisting of alkali and alkaline-earth cations;
where M is a transition metal;
where x is less than or equal to 2;
where y is less than or equal to 2;
where z is in a range of 0.1 to 2;
where n is in a range of 1 to 6;
where m is in a range of 0 to 7; and,
a metal dopant modifying the A x M y Fe z (CN) n .mH 2 O particles to form particles, having a framework and interstitial spaces in the framework, selected from a group consisting of A a A′ b M y Fe z (CN) n .mH 2 O and A c MyM′ d (CN) n .mH 2 O,
where A′ and M′ are metal dopants;
where A and A′ occupy interstitial spaces;
where b is less than or equal to 1;
where “a” is less than or equal to 2;
where M and M′ occupy positions in the framework;
where d is less than or equal to 1; and,
where c is less than or equal to 2.
2. The TMHCF battery electrode of claim 1 wherein the A cations are selected from a group consisting of lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), caesium (Cs), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg).
3. The TMHCF battery electrode of claim 1 wherein transition metal M is selected from a group consisting of titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), niobium (Nb), ruthenium (Ru), tin (Sn), indium (In), and cadmium (Cd).
4. The TMHCF battery electrode of claim 1 wherein the A′ metal dopant is a material other than A, selected from a group consisting of ammonium-ions (NH 4 + ), Li, Na, K, Rh, Cs, Ca, and Mg.
5. The TMHCF battery electrode of claim 1 wherein the M′ metal dopant is a material other than M, selected from a group consisting of Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Nb, Ru, Sn, In, and Cd.
6. The TMHCF battery electrode of claim 1 wherein the metal dopant modified A x M y Fe z (CN) n .mH 2 O particles have a greater electrical conductivity and longer cycling life than A x M y Fe z (CN) n .mH 2 O particles.
7. A method for synthesizing a metal-doped transition metal hexacyanoferrate (TMHCF) battery electrode, the method comprising:
preparing a first solution of A x Fe(CN) 6 and Fe(CN) 6 ;
where A cations are selected from a group consisting of alkali and alkaline-earth cations;
where x is less than or equal to 2;
adding the first solution to a second solution containing M-ions and M′-ions, forming a mixture;
where M is a transition metal;
where M′ is a metal dopant;
subsequent to stirring, precipitating the mixture;
forming A x M c M′ d Fe z (CN) n .mH 2 O particles;
where n is in a range of 1 to 6;
where m is in a range of 0 to 7;
where d is less than or equal to 1;
where c is less than or equal to 2; and,
where z is in a range of 0.1 to 2.
8. The method of claim 7 wherein forming A x M c M′ d Fe z (CN) n .mH 2 O particles includes forming A x M c M′ d Fe z (CN) n .mH 2 O particles having a framework and interstitial spaces in the framework, where M and M′ occupy positions in the framework.
9. The method of claim 7 wherein adding the first solution to the second solution containing M-ions and M′-ions includes the M′ metal dopant being a material other than M, selected from a group consisting of titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), niobium (Nb), ruthenium (Ru), tin (Sn), indium (In), and cadmium (Cd).
10. The method of claim 7 wherein preparing the first solution of A x Fe(CN) 6 and Fe(CN) 6 includes the A cations being selected from a group consisting of lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), caesium (Cs), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg).
11. The method of claim 7 wherein adding the first solution to the second solution containing M-ions and M′-ions includes the M-ions being selected from a group consisting of Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Nb, Ru, Sn, In, and Cd.
12. The method of claim 7 wherein preparing the first solution of A x Fe(CN) 6 and Fe(CN) 6 includes the Fe(CN) 6 being a material selected from a group consisting of ferrocyanide ([Fe(CN) 6 ] 4− ) and ferricyanide ([Fe(CN) 6 ] 3− ).
13. The method of claim 7 wherein preparing the first solution of A x Fe(CN) 6 and Fe(CN) 6 includes the A x Fe(CN) 6 having a molar concentration in a range of 0.001 moles (M) to 2 M; and,
wherein adding the first solution to the second solution containing M-ions and M′-ions includes the Ni-ions having a molar concentration in a range of 0.001 M to 10 M.
14. A method for synthesizing a metal-doped transition metal hexacyanoferrate (TMHCF) battery electrode, the method comprising:
preparing a first solution of A x Fe(CN) 6 and Fe(CN) 6 ,
where A cations are selected from a group consisting of alkali and alkaline-earth cations;
where x is less than or equal to 2;
adding the first solution to a second solution containing M-ions, where M is a transition metal;
adding A′-ions to a solution selected from a group consisting of the first solution, the second solution, and both the first and second solutions, forming a mixture, where A′ is a metal dopant;
subsequent to stirring, precipitating the mixture;
forming A a A′ b M y Fe z (CN) n .mH 2 O particles;
where n is in a range of 1 to 6;
where y is less than or equal to 2;
where z is in a range of 0.1 to 2;
where m is in a range of 0 to 7;
where h is less than or equal to 1; and,
where “a” is less than or equal to 2.
15. The method of claim 14 wherein forming A a A′ b M y Fe z (CN) n .mH 2 O particles includes forming A a A′ b M y Fe z (CN) n .mH 2 O particles having a framework and interstitial spaces in the framework, where A and A′ occupy interstitial spaces.
16. The method of claim 14 wherein preparing the first solution of A x Fe(CN) 6 and Fe(CN) 6 includes the A cations being selected from a group consisting of lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), caesium (Cs), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg).
17. The method of claim 14 wherein adding A′-ions to the solution includes the A′ metal dopant being a material other than A, selected from a group consisting of ammonium-ion (NH 4 + ), Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Ca, and Mg.
18. The method of claim 14 wherein adding the first solution to the second solution containing M-ions includes the M-ions being selected from a group consisting of titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), chromic (Cr), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni) copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), niobium (Nb), ruthenium (Ru), tin (Sn), indium (In), and cadmium (Cd).
19. The method of claim 14 wherein preparing the first solution of A x Fe(CN) 6 and Fe(CN) 6 includes the Fe(CN) 6 being a material selected from a group consisting of ferrocyanide ([Fe(CN) 6 ] 4− ) and ferricyanide ([Fe(CN) 6 ] 3− ).
20. The method of claim 14 wherein preparing the first solution of A x Fe(CN) 6 and Fe(CN) 6 includes the A x Fe(CN) 6 having a molar concentration in a range of 0.001 moles (M) to 2 M; and,
wherein adding the first solution to the second solution containing M-ions includes the M-ions having a molar concentration in a range of 0.001 M to 10 M.
21. A method for synthesizing a metal-doped transition metal hexacyanoferrate (TMHCF) battery electrode, the method comprising:
preparing a first solution of A 4 Fe(CN) 6 and Fe(CN) 6 ;
where A cations are selected from a group consisting of alkali and alkaline-earth cations;
adding the first solution to a second solution containing M-ions and M′-ions, forming a mixture;
where M is a transition metal;
where M′ is a metal dopant;
subsequent to stirring, precipitating the mixture;
forming A x M c M′ d Fe z (CN) n .mH 2 O particles;
where x is less than or equal to 2;
where n is in a range of 1 to 6;
where m is in a range of 0 to 7;
where d is less than or equal to 1;
where c is less than or equal to 2; and,
where z is in a range of 0.1 to 2.
22. A method for synthesizing a metal-doped transition metal hexacyanoferrate (TMHCF) battery electrode, the method comprising:
preparing a first solution of A 4 Fe(CN) 6 and Fe(CN) 6 ,
where A cations are selected from a group consisting of alkali and alkaline-earth cations;
adding the first solution to a second solution containing 1V where M is a transition metal;
adding A′-ions to a solution selected from a group consisting of the first solution, the second solution, and both the first and second solutions, forming a mixture, where A′ is a metal dopant;
subsequent to stirring, precipitating the mixture;
forming A a A′ b M y Fe z (CN) n .mH 2 O particles;
where n is in a range of 1 to 6;
where y is less than or equal to 2;
where z is in a range of 0.1 to 2;
where m is in a range of 0 to 7;
where b is less than or equal to 1; and,
where “a” is less than or equal to 2.