Probes with planar unbiased spring elements for electronic component contact, methods for making such probes, and methods for using such probes
Probes for contacting electronic components include compliant modules stacked in a serial configuration, which are supported by a sheath, exoskeleton, or endoskeleton which allows for linear longitudinal compression of probe ends toward one another wherein the compliant elements within the compliant modules include planar springs (when unbiased). Alternatively, probes may be formed from single modules or back-to-back modules that may share a common base/standoff. Modules may allow for lateral and/or longitudinal alignment relative to array structures or other modules. Planar springs may be spirals, interlaced spirals having common or offset longitudinal levels, with similar or different rotational orientations that are functionally joined, and planar springs may transition into multiple thinner spring elements along their lengths. Compression of probe tips toward one another may cause portions of spring elements to move closer together or further apart.
1. A probe for making contact between two electronic circuit elements, comprising:
(a) at least one compliant structure, comprising:
(i) at least one standoff having a first end and a second end that are longitudinally separated;
(ii) at least one first compliant element comprising a two-dimensional substantially planar spring when not biased, wherein the first compliant element provides compliance in a direction substantially perpendicular to a planar configuration, wherein a first portion of the first compliant element functionally joins the at least one standoff and a second portion of the first compliant element functionally joins a first tip arm that can elastically move relative to the at least one standoff, wherein the first tip arm directly or indirectly holds a first tip end that extends longitudinally beyond the first end of the at least one standoff when the first compliant element is not biased;
(iii) at least one second compliant element comprising a spring, wherein the second compliant element provides compliance in a direction substantially perpendicular to the planar configuration, wherein a first portion of the second compliant element functionally joins the at least one standoff and a second portion of the second compliant element functionally joins a second tip arm that can elastically move relative to the at least one standoff, wherein the second tip arm directly or indirectly holds a second tip end that extends longitudinally beyond the second end of the at least one standoff when the second compliant element is not biased; and
(iv) an annular base holding the first compliant element and the second compliant element by their outermost lateral extents;
wherein the first portion of the first compliant element and the first portion of the second compliant element are longitudinally spaced from one another by the at least one standoff and by the annular base, wherein upon biasing of at least one of the first and second tip ends toward the other, the second portion of the first compliant element and the second portion of the second compliant element move longitudinally closer together, and
wherein the first compliant element begins at a portion of the at least one standoff as a beginning number of first cantilevers wherein the beginning number is selected from the group consisting of: (a) at least one first planar cantilever, and (b) at least two first planar cantilevers that are longitudinally separated, and wherein the beginning number of cantilevers ends at the first tip arm as a first plurality of longitudinally separated cantilevers where the first plurality comprises the beginning number plus N where N is at least one.
2. The probe of claim 1 wherein the first portion of the first compliant element is located closer to the first end of the at least one standoff than is the first portion of the second compliant element and the first portion of the second compliant element is located closer to the second end of the at least one standoff than is the first portion of the first compliant element.
3. The probe of claim 2 wherein the spring of the second compliant element has a two-dimensional substantially planar configuration, when not biased, that is substantially parallel to the planar configuration of the planar spring of the first compliant element.
4. The probe of claim 1 wherein the first compliant element comprises at least two co-planar cantilever springs at a same longitudinal height that are laterally interleaved with one another and are attached to the first tip arm and with each being attached to laterally displaced locations on the at least one standoff.
5. The probe of claim 4 wherein the laterally displaced locations are located on two laterally separated portions of the at least one standoff that are in turn functionally and rigidly connected to one another via at least one laterally extending bridge element.
6. The probe of claim 5 wherein at least one bridge functions as at least a portion of the at least one standoff as it provides at least a portion of a longitudinal separation between the first and second compliant elements and wherein the at least one first compliant element comprises at least one first planar spiral that extends, at least in part, from the at least one standoff to the first tip arm.
7. The probe of claim 6 wherein the at least one first planar spiral has a configuration selected from the group consisting of: (i) an inward rotating circular spiral, (ii) an inward rotating rectangular spiral, (iii) an inward rotating hexagonal spiral, (iv) an inward rotating octagonal spiral, (v) an inward rotating counterclockwise spiral as observed looking from the first tip end toward the second tip end, and (vi) an inward rotating clockwise spiral as observed looking from the first tip end toward the second tip end.
8. The probe of claim 7 wherein at least one first planar spiral has a rotational extent selected from the group consisting of: (i) at least 180°, (ii) at least 360°, (iii) at least 540°, and (iv) at least 720°.
9. The probe of claim 8 wherein the at least one second compliant element comprises at least one second planar spiral that extends from the at least one standoff to the second tip arm.
10. The probe of claim 9 wherein the at least one second planar spiral of the second compliant element has a configuration selected from the group consisting of: (i) an inward rotating circular spiral, (ii) an inward rotating rectangular spiral, (iii) an inward rotating hexagonal spiral, (iv) an inward rotating octagonal spiral, (v) an inward rotating counterclockwise spiral as observed looking from the second tip end toward the first tip end, and (vi) an inward rotating clockwise spiral as observed looking from the second tip end toward the first tip end.
11. The probe of claim 10 wherein at least one second spiral of the second compliant element has a rotational extent selected from the group consisting of: (i) at least 180°, (ii) at least 360°, (iii) at least 540°, and (iv) at least 720°.
12. The probe of claim 11 wherein the at least one compliant structure further comprises a base located longitudinally between the first and second compliant elements and forms part of the at least one standoff wherein the base has at least some lateral extents that are larger than those of at least one of the first compliant element or the second compliant element.
13. The probe of claim 12 wherein the base has an annular configuration.
14. The probe of claim 13 wherein the planar spring of at least one of the at least one first compliant element has a first rotational orientation and the spring of at least one of the at least one second compliant element is planar and has a second rotational orientation wherein the first rotational orientation and second rotational orientation are selected from the group consisting of: (1) the same orientation, and (2) different orientations.
15. The probe of claim 14 wherein N is selected from the group consisting of at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8.
16. The probe of claim 1 wherein the second compliant element begins at a portion of the at least one standoff as a beginning number of second cantilevers wherein the beginning number of second cantilevers is selected from the group consisting of: (1) at least one second planar cantilever, and (2) at least two second planar cantilevers that are longitudinally separated, and wherein the beginning number of the second cantilevers ends at the second tip arm as a second plurality of longitudinally separated cantilevers where the second plurality of comprises the beginning number plus P where P is at least one.
17. The probe of claim 16 wherein N is selected from the group consisting of at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 and wherein P is selected from the group consisting of at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8.
18. The probe of claim 1 wherein the annular base has a circular exterior with an interior opening that has opposing arcuate sides and narrower opposing flat sides as well as upper and lower surfaces joining the flat sides and providing attachment regions for the at least one standoff, in turn supporting the ends of the first and second compliant elements and the arcuate sides providing gaps over which outermost portions of the first and second compliant elements can reside, prior to any deformation.
19. The probe of claim 18 wherein the first and second compliant elements comprise respective first and second spiral spring elements having first ends supported by the at least one standoff and outermost portions that can reside in the gaps provided by the arcuate sides of the interior opening of the annular base.
20. The probe of claim 19 wherein the first spiral spring elements of the first compliant element start an inward path from a first standoff above the annular base and the second spiral spring elements of the second compliant element start an inward path from a second standoff below the annular base, the first and second standoffs being an opposing pairs of standoff and the first and second compliant elements being longitudinally separated co-planar pairs of winding spiral cantilevers.
21. The probe of claim 20 wherein the first spiral spring elements of the first compliant element have rotational orientations opposite to rotational orientations of the second spiral spring elements of the second compliant element.
22. The probe of claim 20 wherein the spiral cantilevers of each compliant element divide into a plurality of longitudinally spaced cantilevers partway through their inward treks such that a plurality of first cantilever elements join each side of the first tip arm and a plurality of second cantilever elements join either side of the second tip arm that in turn respectively support the first and second probe tips.
23. The probe of claim 1 wherein the first portion of the first compliant element is located closer to the first end of the at least one standoff than is the first portion of the second compliant element and the first portion of the second compliant element is located closer to the second end of the at least one standoff than is the first portion of the first compliant element.
24. The probe of claim 1 wherein the annular base is a rigid annular base.
25. The probe of claim 1 wherein the annular base and the at least one standoff are directly in contact or made integral one another.