Toner
The toner is a toner including a toner particle comprising a binder resin, a crystalline material, wherein, when a ratio of an area occupied by the crystalline material in a toner surface observed with a scanning electron microscope after ruthenium-staining the toner under a specific condition (1) is represented by S 1 (%), a ratio of an area occupied by the crystalline material in the toner surface observed with the scanning electron microscope after ruthenium-staining the toner under a condition (2) is represented by S 2 (%), and a dispersion diameter of a plurality of domains formed of the crystalline material on the toner surface observed with the scanning electron microscope after the ruthenium-staining the toner under the condition (2) is represented by R 2 (nm), the following expressions (1), (2), and (3) are satisfied. 0 . 0 ≤ S 1 ≤ 0.5 ( 1 ) 1. ≤ S 2 ≤ 10. ( 2 ) 20 ≤ R 2 ≤ 200 ( 3 )
1. A toner, comprising:
a toner particle comprising a binder resin, a crystalline material and a colorant;
the crystalline material being a wax or a crystalline polyester resin; and
the colorant being a hydrophobized magnetic material that is hydrophobic-treated with a silane coupling agent, wherein
0
.
0
≤
S
1
≤
0.5
1.
≤
S
2
≤
10.
,
and
20
≤
R
2
≤
200
when S 1 (%) is a ratio of an area occupied by the crystalline material per area of a toner particle surface observed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) after ruthenium-staining the toner in a ruthenium tetroxide (RuO 4 ) gas atmosphere at 100 Pa for 5 minutes, and
S 2 (%) is a ratio of an area occupied by the crystalline material per area of the toner particle surface and R 2 (nm) is a dispersion diameter of a plurality of domains formed of the crystalline material on the toner particle surface, observed with the scanning electron microscope (SEM) after ruthenium-staining the toner in the ruthenium tetroxide (RuO 4 ) gas atmosphere at 500 Pa for 15 minutes.
2. The toner according to claim 1 , wherein R i <R 2 when R i (nm) is a dispersion diameter of a plurality of internal domains formed in a cross-section of the toner particle cut with a microtome and observed with a transmission electron microscope (TEM) after ruthenium-staining the toner in the ruthenium tetroxide (RuO 4 ) gas atmosphere at 500 Pa for 15 minutes.
3. The toner according to claim 1 , wherein the wax is an ester wax.
4. The toner according to claim 1 , wherein a peak intensity ratio [Si—O—Si]/[Si—C] of ATR-IR of a component extracted from the hydrophobized magnetic material with toluene is 1.4 to 2.5.
5. The toner according to claim 1 , wherein the hydrophobized magnetic material has a surface vicinity existence index of 4.0 to 8.0 pieces/1 μm 2 obtained by observing the toner particle with the scanning electron microscope (SEM).
6. The toner according to claim 1 , wherein the hydrophobized magnetic material has a hydrophobizing degree of 55 to 80.
7. The toner according to claim 1 , wherein a value (mass change ratio/specific surface area) is 0.002 to 0.020%·g/m 2 , obtained by dividing a mass change ratio of the hydrophobized magnetic material when the hydrophobized magnetic material is left to stand under an environment of a temperature of 30° C. and a relative humidity of 0% for 24 hours and then left to stand under an environment of a temperature of 30° C. and a relative humidity of 80% for 1 hour, by a specific surface area of the hydrophobized magnetic material.
8. The toner according to claim 1 , wherein, in the hydrophobized magnetic material, a spectrum of Si obtained based on a total electron yield (TEY) method using a near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) has
a peak A in a range of 1,844.4 to 1,844.8 eV,
a peak B in a range of 1,846.1 to 1,846.6 eV, and
I A /(I A +I B )/M Si is 40 to 55
when I A is an area of the peak A, I B is an area of the peak B, and M Si is the number of moles of Si derived from a silane compound contained in 1 g of the hydrophobized magnetic material.