Reactive separator for a metal-ion battery
A reactive separator is provided for a metal-ion battery. The reactive separator is made up of a reactive layer that is chemically reactive to alkali or alkaline earth metals, and has a first side and a second side. A first non-reactive layer, chemically non-reactive with alkali or alkaline earth metals, is adjacent to the reactive layer first side. A second non-reactive layer, also chemically non-reactive with alkali or alkaline earth metals, is adjacent to the reactive layer second side. More explicitly, the first and second non-reactive layers are defined as having less than 5 percent by weight (wt %) of materials able to participate in electrochemical reactions with alkali or alkaline earth metals. The reactive layer may be formed as a porous membrane embedded with reactive components, where the porous membrane is carbon or a porous polymer. Alternatively, the reactive layer is formed as a polymer gel embedded with reactive components.
1. A metal-ion battery with a reactive separator, the battery comprising:
an anode;
a cathode;
a reactive separator comprising:
a reactive layer, chemically reactive to alkali and alkaline earth metals formed at the anode, having a first side and a second side;
a first non-reactive layer interposed between the cathode and the reactive layer first side, chemically non-reactive with alkaline and alkaline earth metals;
a second non-reactive layer interposed between the anode and the reactive layer second side, chemically non-reactive with alkali and alkaline earth metals; and,
wherein the first and second non-reactive layers are defined as having less than 5 percent by weight (wt %) of materials able to participate in electrochemical reactions with members of the first group.
2. The battery of claim 1 further comprising:
a first passivation layer interposed between the first non-reactive layer and the cathode; and,
a second passivation layer interposed between the second non-reactive layer and the anode.
3. The battery of claim 1 wherein the reactive layer is formed as a material embedded with reactive components, where the material is selected from a group consisting of carbon, porous polymer, a polymer gel.
4. The battery of claim 1 wherein the reactive layer structure includes embedded reactive components selected from a group consisting of benzoquinone, ferrocene derivates, metal ferricyanides, metal ferrocyanides, tetrathiafulvalene derivates, metal hexacyanoferrate, and polyvinylpyrrolidone.
5. The battery of claim 1 wherein the first and second non-reactive layers are a material selected from a group consisting a porous polymer, ceramic membrane, and polymer gel.
6. The battery of claim 1 further comprising:
a liquid electrolyte;
wherein the combination of the first non-reactive layer, reactive layer, and second non-reactive layer is permeable to the liquid electrolyte in a ratio greater than 10 wt % liquid electrolyte as compared to the combined weight of the first non-reactive layer, reactive layer, and second non-reactive layer; and,
wherein the reactive separator has an ionic conductivity of greater than 1×10 −7 Siemens per centimeter (S/cm) at 25° C.
7. The battery of claim 1 wherein the reactive layer includes a first material having an electrical conductivity in a range between 1×10 −14 and 1×10 8 S/cm, with reactive components embedded in the first material.
8. The battery of claim 7 wherein the first and second non-reactive layers are made from the first material.
9. The battery of claim 1 further comprising:
a plurality of non-reactive layers greater than two;
a plurality reactive layers; and,
wherein at least one non-reactive layer is adjacent to the anode, and at least one non-reactive layer is adjacent to the cathode.
10. The battery of claim 1 wherein the cathode is a material selected from a group consisting of metal hexacyanometallates (MHCMs), transition metal oxides, transition metal fluorides, and air (oxygen) electrodes; and,
wherein the anode is a material selected from a group consisting of lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), cesium (Cs), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), zinc (Zn), aluminum (Al), magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), tin (Sn), germanium (Ge), antimony (Sb), and alloys including a material selected from a group consisting of Sn, Ge, Sb, carbon materials, transition metal oxides, silicon (Si), and phosphorus (P).
11. The battery of claim 1 wherein the reactive layer has an ionic conductivity of greater than 1×10 −7 S/cm at 25° C.; and,
wherein the first and second non-reactive layers each have an ionic conductivity of less than 1×10 −1 S/cm.
12. The battery of claim 1 wherein the first and second non-reactive layers each have an electrical conductivity of less than 1×10 −1 S/cm.