Charge-transfer capacitors, terminals, and coupling thereof in switched-capacitor converters
An apparatus for power conversion includes a transformation stage for transforming a first voltage into a second voltage. The transformation stage includes a switching network, a filter, and a controller. The filter is configured to connect the transformation stage to a regulator. The controller controls the switching network.
1 . An apparatus for power conversion, the apparatus comprising:
a switching network configured to transform a first voltage into a second voltage, the switching network including a first set of power switches associated with a first phase and a second set of power switches associated with a second phase out of phase with the first phase, the first and second sets of power switches configured to be coupled to a plurality of capacitors to form a switched capacitor network, wherein the first set of power switches and the second set of power switches are configured to operate simultaneously in response to one or more control signals associated with the first phase and the second phase, respectively;
a plurality of first terminals configured to be coupled to corresponding positive terminals of the plurality of capacitors, wherein the plurality of first terminals comprises a first subset of first terminals associated with the first set of power switches and a second subset of first terminals associated with the second set of power switches; and
a plurality of second terminals configured to be coupled to corresponding negative terminals of the plurality of capacitors;
wherein:
the first subset of first terminals associated with the first set of power switches and the second subset of first terminals associated with the second set of power switches are substantially symmetric with respect to a first axis that extends along a first direction;
the plurality of first terminals are on one side of a second axis that extends along a second direction perpendicular to the first direction; and
at least a subset of the plurality of second terminals are on another side of the second axis.
2 . The apparatus for power conversion of claim 1 , further comprising:
a controller configured to generate one or more signals to control a plurality of power switches substantially in accordance with a switching frequency, the plurality of power switches comprising the first set of power switches and the second set of power switches, the plurality of power switches configured to implement one or more switching arrangements for at least one switched capacitor network, wherein the at least one switched capacitor network comprises the switched capacitor network;
a first layer including a portion of a first plurality of power switches; and
a second layer vertically displaced from the first layer and including the plurality of capacitors of the switched capacitor network.
3 . The apparatus for power conversion of claim 2 , wherein the second layer is above the first layer.
4 . The apparatus for power conversion of claim 2 , wherein the second layer is below the first layer.
5 . The apparatus for power conversion of claim 2 , further comprising:
a third layer vertically displaced from the first layer and the second layer and including a portion of a second plurality of power switches.
6 . The apparatus for power conversion of claim 5 , wherein the second layer is arranged between the first layer and the third layer.
7 . The apparatus for power conversion of claim 5 , wherein:
the portion of the first plurality of power switches in the first layer are stack switches; and
the portion of the second plurality of power switches in the third layer are phase switches.
8 . The apparatus for power conversion of claim 2 , further comprising:
an inductor separated from the first layer or the second layer.
9 . The apparatus for power conversion of claim 2 , wherein the first layer or the second layer further comprises an inductor.
10 . The apparatus for power conversion of claim 2 , wherein the at least one switched capacitor network is a part of a multilevel converter.
11 . The apparatus for power conversion of claim 2 , wherein the plurality of capacitors are multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs).
12 . The apparatus for power conversion of claim 2 , wherein a fundamental frequency of a current flowing through the plurality of capacitors is substantially similar as the switching frequency of the plurality of power switches.
13 . The apparatus for power conversion of claim 2 , wherein:
the first layer includes the controller;
the controller and the portion of the first plurality of power switches are located in separate dies.
14 . The apparatus for power conversion of claim 2 , wherein:
the portion of the first plurality of power switches includes one or more switches in a first die and one or more switches in a second die.
15 . The apparatus for power conversion of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of first terminals are divided in multiple groups, wherein first terminals in the same group are coupled to each other and associated with the same capacitor, and wherein the at least the subset of the plurality of second terminals comprises at least half of the plurality of second terminals.
16 . The apparatus for power conversion of claim 15 , wherein:
the switched capacitor network comprises a first path associated with the first phase and a second path associated with the second phase in parallel for respective flows of current, and a first current in the first path and a second current in the second path are out of phase.
17 . The apparatus for power conversion of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of second terminals are divided in multiple groups, wherein second terminals in the same group are coupled to each other and associated with the same set of power switches.
18 . The apparatus for power conversion of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of second terminals comprises a first subset of second terminals associated with the first set of power switches and a second subset of second terminals associated with the second set of power switches, wherein the first subset of second terminals associated with the first set of power switches and the second subset of second terminals associated with the second set of power switches are arranged substantially symmetric.
19 . The apparatus for power conversion of claim 18 , wherein the plurality of second terminals further comprises a third subset of second terminals associated with the first set of power switches and a fourth subset of second terminals associated with the second set of power switches, wherein the first subset of second terminals and the fourth subset of second terminals are on one side of the first axis, and wherein the second subset of second terminals and the third subset of second terminals are on another side of the first axis.
20 . The apparatus for power conversion of claim 1 , further comprising a plurality of input terminals configured to receive the first voltage and a plurality of output terminals configured to provide the second voltage; wherein the plurality of input terminals, the plurality of output terminals, the plurality of first terminals, and the plurality of second terminals form a grid.
21 . The apparatus for power conversion of claim 20 , wherein the first phase and the second phase are 180 degrees out of phase.
22 . The apparatus for power conversion of claim 1 , further comprising:
a controller configured to generate one or more signals to control a plurality of power switches substantially in accordance with a switching frequency, the plurality of power switches comprising the first set of power switches and the second set of power switches, the plurality of power switches configured to implement one or more switching arrangements for at least one switched capacitor network, wherein the at least one switched capacitor network comprises the switched capacitor network;
a first die including a portion of a first plurality of power switches;
a second die including a portion of a second plurality of power switches; and
a third die including the plurality of capacitors of the switched capacitor network;
wherein the third die is arranged horizontally between the first die and the second die.
23 . The apparatus for power conversion of claim 22 , wherein:
the at least one switched capacitor network is a two-phase switched capacitor network comprising a first path and a second path in parallel for respective flows of current, and a first current in the first path and a second current in the second path are out of phase.
24 . The apparatus for power conversion of claim 2 , wherein:
the at least one switched capacitor network is a two-phase switched capacitor network comprising a first path and a second path in parallel for respective flows of current, and a first current in the first path and a second current in the second path are out of phase.
25 . The apparatus for power conversion of claim 1 , wherein:
the plurality of first terminals are divided in multiple groups, and first terminals in the same group are coupled to each other and associated with the same capacitor; and
the plurality of second terminals are divided in multiple groups, and second terminals in the same group are coupled to each other and associated with the same set of power switches.
26 . The apparatus for power conversion of claim 1 , further comprising:
a third set of power switches associated with the first phase; and
a fourth set of power switches associated with the second phase,
wherein a plurality of third terminals associated with the third set of power switches among the plurality of second terminals and a plurality of fourth terminals associated with the fourth set of power switches among the plurality of second terminals are coupled to the negative terminals of the plurality of capacitors.
27 . The apparatus for power conversion of claim 26 , wherein the plurality of third terminals comprises a subset of third terminals associated with the third set of power switches, wherein the plurality of fourth terminals comprises a subset of fourth terminals associated with the fourth set of power switches, wherein the subset of third terminals associated with the third set of power switches and the subset of fourth terminals associated with the fourth set of power switches are arranged substantially symmetric.
28 . The apparatus for power conversion of claim 1 , wherein a first subset of second terminals are disposed parallel to the second axis and perpendicular to the first axis.
29 . The apparatus for power conversion of claim 1 , further comprising a plurality of third terminals configured to be coupled to a ground terminal, wherein the plurality of third terminals are adjacent to each other, are on the another side of the second axis, and are disposed parallel to the second axis.
30 . The apparatus for power conversion of claim 1 , wherein the switching network is configured to transform the first voltage at a first node of the switching network into the second voltage at a second node of the switching network, the apparatus further comprising:
a plurality of third terminals coupled to the second node and disposed between the plurality of first terminals and the plurality of second terminals; and
a plurality of fourth terminals configured to be coupled to a ground terminal and are disposed parallel to the second axis, wherein a first subset of second terminals are disposed between the plurality of third terminals and the plurality of fourth terminals.
31 . The apparatus for power conversion of claim 30 , further comprising a plurality of fifth terminals coupled to the second node and are on the another side of the second axis and disposed parallel to the second axis, wherein a second subset of second terminals are disposed between the plurality of fourth terminals and the plurality of fifth terminals.
32 . The apparatus for power conversion of claim 1 , wherein the switching network is configured to transform the first voltage at a first node of the switching network into the second voltage at a second node of the switching network, the apparatus further comprising:
a plurality of third terminals coupled to the first node, wherein the plurality of third terminals are on the one side of the second axis and are disposed parallel to the second axis; and
a plurality of fourth terminals coupled to the second node, wherein the plurality of fourth terminals are on the another side of the second axis disposed parallel to the second axis.
33 . The apparatus for power conversion of claim 1 , further comprising a die configured to be coupled to a printed circuit board via conductive bumps, wherein:
the die comprises the first set of power switches and the second set of power switches; and
each terminal of the plurality of first terminals and the plurality of second terminals are disposed on and coupled to the die, configured to be coupled to the plurality of capacitors, and configured to be disposed between the die and the plurality of capacitors when coupled to the plurality of capacitors.
34 . The apparatus for power conversion of claim 1 , wherein:
at least one power switch of the first set of power switches is configured to be coupled to positive terminals of a first corresponding pair of capacitors of the plurality of capacitors via corresponding first terminals of the first subset of first terminals configured to be coupled to the corresponding positive terminals of the first corresponding pair of capacitors; and
at least one power switch of the second set of power switches is configured to be coupled to positive terminals of a second corresponding pair of capacitors of the plurality of capacitors via corresponding first terminals of the second subset of first terminals configured to be coupled to the corresponding positive terminals of the second corresponding pair of capacitors.
35 . The apparatus for power conversion of claim 34 , wherein:
the at least one power switch of the first set of power switches has a drain configured to be coupled to a positive terminal of a first capacitor of the first corresponding pair of capacitors and a source configured to be coupled to a positive terminal of a second capacitor of the first corresponding pair of capacitors; and
the at least one power switch of the second set of power switches has a drain configured to be coupled to a positive terminal of a first capacitor of the second corresponding pair of capacitors and a source configured to be coupled to a positive terminal of a second capacitor of the second corresponding pair of capacitors.
36 . The apparatus for power conversion of claim 1 , further comprising:
a third set of power switches associated with the first phase, wherein at least one power switch of the third set of power switches is configured to be coupled to negative terminals of a first set of capacitors of the plurality of capacitors via corresponding second terminals of the plurality of second terminals configured to be coupled to the corresponding negative terminals of the first set of capacitors; and
a fourth set of power switches associated with the second phase, wherein at least one power switch of the fourth set of power switches is configured to be coupled to negative terminals of a second set of capacitors of the plurality of capacitors via corresponding second terminals of the plurality of second terminals configured to be coupled to the corresponding negative terminals of the second set of capacitors.
37 . The apparatus for power conversion of claim 1 , wherein each terminal of the plurality of first terminals and the plurality of second terminals is configured to be coupled to a printed circuit board via a conductive bump.
38 . The apparatus for power conversion of claim 37 , wherein the plurality of capacitors are multi-layer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs) configured to be coupled to the printed circuit board.
39 . The apparatus for power conversion of claim 1 , further comprising a die comprising:
the first set of power switches;
the second set of power switches; and
a controller disposed between the first set of power switches and the second set of power switches and coupled to a gate of each of the first set of power switches and each of the second set of power switches, wherein the controller is configured to control operation of the first set of power switches and the second set of power switches.
40 . The apparatus for power conversion of claim 1 , wherein at least one power switch of the first set of power switches comprises a plurality of devices in parallel.
41 . The apparatus for power conversion of claim 1 , wherein:
the plurality of first terminals comprises only the first subset of first terminals and the second subset of first terminals;
the plurality of first terminals comprises all terminals of the apparatus that are configured to be coupled to corresponding positive terminals of the plurality of capacitors; and
the plurality of second terminals comprises all terminals of the apparatus that are configured to be coupled to corresponding negative terminals of the plurality of capacitors.