Methods and systems for scalable direct recycling of battery waste
Embodiments described herein relate to methods of recycling battery waste. In some aspects, a method can include applying a first heat treatment at a temperature of between about 100° C. and about 700° C. to the battery waste, the first heat treatment decomposing at least about 80 wt % of the binder, separating the electrode material from the current collector, and applying a second heat treatment at a temperature between about 400° C. and about 1,200° C. to the electrode material to produce a regenerated electrode material, the second heat treatment decomposing at least 90 wt % of binder remaining in the electrode material to produce a regenerated electrode material. In some embodiments, the method can include applying a surface treatment to the electrode material to remove surface coatings and/or surface impurities from the electrode material. In some embodiments, the surface treatment can include applying a solvent to the electrode material.
1. A method of recycling a quantity of battery waste, the battery waste including an electrode material coupled to a current collector, the electrode material including an active material and a binder, the method comprising:
washing, via a solvent, the battery waste, such that the solvent removes a portion of the battery waste and at least a portion of the electrode material decouples from the current collector, the solvent including an organic solvent;
removing, via a first heat treatment, at least about 80 wt % of the binder, the binder including a non-aqueous-based binder;
floating the electrode material in a polar solvent to separate the electrode material from impurities; and
applying a second heat treatment to the electrode material to produce a regenerated electrode material, the second heat treatment removing at least about 95 wt % of remaining binder in the electrode material.
2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
prior to the first heat treatment, removing oxidizable impurities from the electrode material via treatment with at least one of an acid having a pH of no more than about 4 or a base having a pH of at least about 13.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein
the electrode material includes at least one of LiCoO 2 , LiMn 2 O 4 , LiFe t M 1-t PO 4 , or LiNi a Mn b Co c A d O 2 ; wherein
0<t≤1;
a+b+c+d=1; and
A=Al, Zr, or Mg.
4. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
applying a liquid to the electrode material to remove surface coatings and/or surface impurities from the electrode material.
5. The method of claim 4 , further comprising:
after removing the surface coating and/or surface impurities, filtering the electrode material to produce a damp electrode and a waste liquid stream.
6. The method of claim 5 , further comprising:
at least one of purifying, neutralizing, or filtering the waste liquid stream.
7. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
applying an ultrasonic frequency to the current collector to remove residual electrode material from the current collector.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the washing includes sonication of the battery waste.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein floating the electrode is via froth flotation.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the polar solvent is mixed with an enhancer, the enhancer promoting hydrophobicity of impurities in the electrode material, the floating of the electrode material forming a hydrophilic phase containing the electrode material and a hydrophobic phase containing the impurities.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein the enhancer is configured to bind to hydrophobic impurities in the electrode material.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the second heat treatment is applied in an inert or reducing environment.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the second heat treatment vaporizes all of the binder remaining in the electrode material.
14. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
after the first heat treatment, adding a lithium salt to the electrode material.
15. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
separating the at least a portion of the electrode material from the current collector prior to the second heat treatment.
16. A method of recycling a quantity of battery waste, the battery waste including an electrode material coupled to a current collector, the electrode material including an active material and a binder, the method comprising:
washing, via a solvent, the battery waste, such that the solvent removes a portion of the battery waste;
applying a first heat treatment to the battery waste, the first heat treatment removing at least about 80 wt % of the binder;
separating the electrode material from the current collector;
floating the electrode material in a polar solvent to separate the electrode material from impurities; and
applying a second heat treatment to the electrode material to produce a regenerated electrode material, the second heat treatment removing at least about 95 wt % of remaining binder in the electrode material, at least one the first heat treatment or the second heat treatment applied in an inert or reducing environment.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the washing includes sonication of the battery waste.
18. The method of claim 16 , wherein separating the electrode material from the current collector is via at least one of rotatory sieving, shaking and ultrasonication sieving, or air jet sieving.
19. The method of claim 16 , wherein separating the electrode material from the current collector is via at least one of tank stirring in water or sonication in water.
20. The method of claim 16 , further comprising:
processing an exhaust gas after at least one of the first heat treatment or the second heat treatment.
21. The method of claim 16 , wherein the first heat treatment is performed at a temperature of between about 100° C. and about 700° C., and the second heat treatment is performed at a temperature between about 400° C. and about 1,200° C.
22. The method of claim 16 , wherein the polar solvent is mixed with an enhancer, the enhancer promoting hydrophobicity of impurities in the electrode material, the floating forming a hydrophilic phase containing the electrode material and a hydrophobic phase containing the impurities.
23. A method of recycling a quantity of battery waste, the battery waste including an electrode material coupled to a current collector, the electrode material including an active material and a binder, the method comprising:
washing, via a solvent, the battery waste, such that the solvent removes a portion of the battery waste and at least a portion of the electrode material decouples from the current collector;
applying an ultrasonic frequency to the battery waste in a sonication tank;
applying a first heat treatment to the battery waste, the first heat treatment removing at least about 80 wt % of the binder;
floating the electrode material in a polar solvent to separate the electrode material from impurities;
applying a second heat treatment to the electrode material to produce a regenerated electrode material, the second heat treatment removing at least about 95 wt % of remaining binder in the electrode material, at least one the first heat treatment or the second heat treatment applied in an inert or reducing environment.
24. The method of claim 23 , wherein the ultrasonic frequency is applied to the battery waste at least partially concurrently with washing the battery waste.
25. The method of claim 23 , further comprising:
applying a surface treatment to the electrode material to remove surface coatings and/or surface impurities from the electrode material.
26. The method of claim 23 , wherein the first heat treatment is performed at a temperature of between about 100° C. and about 700° C., and the second heat treatment is performed at a temperature between about 400° C. and about 1,200° C.
27. A method of recycling a quantity of battery waste, the battery waste including an electrode material coupled to a current collector, the electrode material including an active material and a binder, the method comprising:
washing, via a solvent, the battery waste, such that the solvent removes a portion of the battery waste and at least a portion of the electrode material decouples from the current collector;
removing, via a first heat treatment, at least about 80 wt % of the binder;
floating the electrode material in a polar solvent to separate the electrode material from impurities, the polar solvent mixed with an enhancer, the enhancer promoting hydrophobicity of impurities in the electrode material, the floating of the electrode material forming a hydrophilic phase containing the electrode material and a hydrophobic phase containing the impurities; and
applying a second heat treatment to the electrode material to produce a regenerated electrode material, the second heat treatment removing at least about 95 wt % of remaining binder in the electrode material.
28. The method of claim 27 , further comprising:
prior to the first heat treatment, removing oxidizable impurities from the electrode material via treatment with at least one of an acid having a pH of no more than about 4 or a base having a pH of at least about 13.
29. The method of claim 27 , wherein
the electrode material includes at least one of LiCoO 2 , LiMn 2 O 4 , LiFe t M 1-t PO 4 , or LiNi a Mn b Co c A d O 2 , wherein
0<t≤1;
a+b+c+d=1; and
A=Al, Zr, or Mg.
30. The method of claim 27 , further comprising:
applying a liquid to the electrode material to remove surface coatings and/or surface impurities from the electrode material.
31. The method of claim 27 , further comprising:
after the first heat treatment, adding a lithium salt to the electrode material.
32. A method of recycling a quantity of battery waste, the battery waste including an electrode material coupled to a current collector, the electrode material including an active material and a binder, the method comprising:
washing, via a solvent, the battery waste, such that the solvent removes a portion of the battery waste and at least a portion of the electrode material decouples from the current collector;
removing, via a first heat treatment, at least about 80 wt % of the binder;
floating the electrode material in a polar solvent to separate the electrode material from impurities; and
applying a second heat treatment to the electrode material to produce a regenerated electrode material, the second heat treatment removing at least about 95 wt % of remaining binder in the electrode material, wherein the second heat treatment is applied in an inert or reducing environment.
33. The method of claim 32 , wherein
the electrode material includes at least one of LiCoO 2 , LiMn 2 O 4 , LiFe t M 1-t PO 4 , or LiNi a Mn b Co c A d O 2 , wherein
0<t≤1;
a+b+c+d=1; and
A=Al, Zr, or Mg.
34. The method of claim 32 , further comprising:
applying a liquid to the electrode material to remove surface coatings and/or surface impurities from the electrode material.
35. The method of claim 34 , further comprising:
after removing the surface coating and/or surface impurities, filtering the electrode material to produce a damp electrode and a waste liquid stream.
36. A method of recycling a quantity of battery waste, the battery waste including an electrode material coupled to a current collector, the electrode material including an active material and a binder, the method comprising:
washing, via a solvent, the battery waste, such that the solvent removes a portion of the battery waste;
applying a first heat treatment to the battery waste, the first heat treatment removing at least about 80 wt % of the binder;
separating the electrode material from the current collector;
floating the electrode material in a polar solvent to separate the electrode material from impurities, the polar solvent mixed with an enhancer, the enhancer promoting hydrophobicity of impurities in the electrode material, the floating forming a hydrophilic phase containing the electrode material and a hydrophobic phase containing the impurities; and
applying a second heat treatment to the electrode material to produce a regenerated electrode material, the second heat treatment removing at least about 95 wt % of remaining binder in the electrode material.
37. The method of claim 36 , wherein the washing includes sonication of the battery waste.
38. The method of claim 36 , wherein separating the electrode material from the current collector is via at least one of rotatory sieving, shaking and ultrasonication sieving, or air jet sieving.
39. The method of claim 36 , wherein separating the electrode material from the current collector is via at least one of tank stirring in water or sonication in water.
40. The method of claim 36 , further comprising:
processing an exhaust gas after at least one of the first heat treatment or the second heat treatment.