US 1916983A
· Mckee
· 1933
[cited by applicant]
US 2176144A
· Moskowitz
· 1939
[cited by applicant]
US 2553533A
· Komarik
· 1951
[cited by applicant]
US 3230036A
· Kappelmann
· 1966
[cited by applicant]
US 3552978A
· Inklaar
· 1971
[cited by applicant]
US 3886040A
· Chibata
· 1975
[cited by applicant]
US 3956513A
· Clarke
· 1976
[cited by applicant]
US 3997659A
· Knohl
· 1976
[cited by applicant]
US 4146611A
· Ondetti
· 1979
[cited by applicant]
US 4273937A
· Gum
· 1981
[cited by applicant]
US 4291015A
· Keith
· 1981
[cited by applicant]
US 4379177A
· McCoy
· 1983
[cited by applicant]
US 4678670A
· Tomic
· 1987
[cited by applicant]
US 4687782A
· Brantman
· 1987
[cited by applicant]
US 4743614A
· Terano
· 1988
[cited by applicant]
US 4749402A
· Garrett
· 1988
[cited by applicant]
US 4871550A
· Millman
· 1989
[cited by applicant]
US 4976960A
· Grossman
· 1990
[cited by applicant]
US 4996067A
· Kobayashi
· 1991
[cited by applicant]
US 5026071A
· Miraglia, Jr.
· 1991
[cited by applicant]
US 5026721A
· Dudrick
· 1991
[cited by applicant]
US 5242697A
· Luca
· 1993
[cited by applicant]
US 5411569A
· Hjersted
· 1995
[cited by applicant]
US 5485827A
· Zapol
· 1996
[cited by applicant]
US 5500436A
· Karl
· 1996
[cited by applicant]
US 5543430A
· Kaesemeyer
· 1996
[cited by applicant]
US 5576351A
· Yoshimura
· 1996
[cited by applicant]
US 5631031A
· Meade
· 1997
[cited by applicant]
US 5679704A
· Schoenafinger
· 1997
[cited by applicant]
US 5767160A
· Kaesemeyer
· 1998
[cited by applicant]
US 5904924A
· Gaynor
· 1999
[cited by applicant]
US 5965596A
· Harris
· 1999
[cited by applicant]
US 6063432A
· Maxwell
· 2000
[cited by applicant]
US 6136339A
· Gardiner
· 2000
[cited by applicant]
US 6159485A
· Yu
· 2000
[cited by applicant]
US 6172098B1
· Harris
· 2001
[cited by applicant]
US 6277884B1
· de Tejada
· 2001
[cited by applicant]
US 6337349B2
· Scafetta
· 2002
[cited by applicant]
US 6425881B1
· Kaesemeyer
· 2002
[cited by applicant]
US 6451341B1
· Slaga
· 2002
[cited by applicant]
US 6562869B1
· Hamilton
· 2003
[cited by applicant]
US 6608109B2
· Allen
· 2003
[cited by applicant]
US 6784209B1
· Gardiner
· 2004
[cited by applicant]
US 7040313B2
· Fine
· 2006
[cited by applicant]
US 7235237B2
· Loscalzo
· 2007
[cited by applicant]
US 7777014B2
· Cattaruzza
· 2010
[cited by applicant]
US 7777074B2
· Kramer
· 2010
[cited by applicant]
US 7799782B2
· Munson
· 2010
[cited by applicant]
US 8034836B2
· Kramer
· 2011
[cited by applicant]
US 8048921B2
· Kramer
· 2011
[cited by applicant]
US 8178572B2
· Kramer
· 2012
[cited by applicant]
US 8183288B2
· Kramer
· 2012
[cited by applicant]
US 8303995B1
· Bryan
· 2012
[cited by applicant]
US 8455531B2
· Kramer
· 2013
[cited by applicant]
US 8466187B2
· Kramer
· 2013
[cited by applicant]
US 8569368B2
· Kramer
· 2013
[cited by applicant]
US 8569369B2
· Kramer
· 2013
[cited by applicant]
US 8703719B1
· Abraham
· 2014
[cited by applicant]
US 8852660B2
· Miljkovic
· 2014
[cited by applicant]
US 8952045B1
· Kramer
· 2015
[cited by applicant]
US 8952046B1
· Kramer
· 2015
[cited by applicant]
US 8957100B1
· Kramer
· 2015
[cited by applicant]
US 8957101B1
· Kramer
· 2015
[cited by applicant]
US 9180140B2
· Lundberg
· 2015
[cited by applicant]
US RE46372E
· Miller
· 2017
[cited by applicant]
US 20010002269A1
· Zhao
· 2001
[cited by applicant]
US 20010011074A1
· Piccolo
· 2001
[cited by applicant]
US 20010048952A1
· Siskind
· 2001
[cited by applicant]
US 20010056069A1
· Klaus
· 2001
[cited by applicant]
US 20020006532A1
· Robin
· 2002
[cited by applicant]
US 20020022060A1
· Mathur
· 2002
[cited by applicant]
US 20020119933A1
· Butler
· 2002
[cited by applicant]
US 20020136802A1
· Mehansho
· 2002
[cited by applicant]
US 20020147156A1
· Petit
· 2002
[cited by applicant]
US 20030012744A1
· Pedersen
· 2003
[cited by applicant]
US 20030119888A1
· Allen
· 2003
[cited by applicant]
US 20030139354A1
· Buccholz
· 2003
[cited by applicant]
US 20040006140A1
· Kaesemeyer
· 2004
[cited by applicant]
US 20040048870A1
· Amir
· 2004
[cited by applicant]
US 20040057926A1
· Ochoa
· 2004
[cited by applicant]
US 20040097401A1
· Datta
· 2004
[cited by applicant]
US 20040126366A1
· Kaddurah-Daouk
· 2004
[cited by applicant]
US 20040242682A1
· Kaesemeyer
· 2004
[cited by applicant]
US 20050043274A1
· Murad
· 2005
[cited by applicant]
US 20050043287A1
· Allen
· 2005
[cited by applicant]
US 20050053673A1
· Netke
· 2005
[cited by applicant]
US 20050171194A1
· Yu
· 2005
[cited by applicant]
US 20050256192A1
· Gardiner
· 2005
[cited by applicant]
US 20050287210A1
· Ron
· 2005
[cited by applicant]
US 20050288372A1
· Ron
· 2005
[cited by applicant]
US 20050288373A1
· Ron
· 2005
[cited by applicant]
US 20060029668A1
· Ron
· 2006
[cited by applicant]
US 20060035007A1
· Kawabe
· 2006
[cited by applicant]
US 20060063827A1
· Yu
· 2006
[cited by applicant]
US 20060116328A1
· Babizhayev
· 2006
[cited by applicant]
US 20060134227A1
· Bortz
· 2006
[cited by applicant]
US 20060142382A1
· Morimoto
· 2006
[cited by applicant]
US 20060182815A1
· Gladwin
· 2006
[cited by applicant]
US 20060198899A1
· Gardiner
· 2006
[cited by applicant]
US 20060275909A1
· Spitzer
· 2006
[cited by applicant]
US 20070105817A1
· Page
· 2007
[cited by applicant]
US 20070141174A1
· Cornett
· 2007
[cited by applicant]
US 20080004218A1
· Quay
· 2008
[cited by applicant]
US 20080038410A1
· Giordano
· 2008
[cited by applicant]
US 20080138448A1
· Heuer
· 2008
[cited by applicant]
US 20080163793A1
· Gernon
· 2008
[cited by applicant]
US 20080214649A1
· Yu
· 2008
[cited by applicant]
US 20080233242A1
· Zhang
· 2008
[cited by applicant]
US 20080268095A1
· Herzog
· 2008
[cited by applicant]
US 20090182044A1
· Ashmed
· 2009
[cited by examiner]
US 20090280199A1
· Russell
· 2009
[cited by applicant]
US 20090306208A1
· Shimada
· 2009
[cited by applicant]
US 20110064712A1
· Amato
· 2011
[cited by applicant]
US 20110123654A1
· Jaeger
· 2011
[cited by applicant]
US 20130011377A1
· Perrin
· 2013
[cited by applicant]
US 20150246066A1
· Nelson
· 2015
[cited by applicant]
US 20200222449A1
· Nikolaidis
· 2020
[cited by applicant]
US 20210220422A1
· Parker
· 2021
[cited by applicant]
US 20210355191A1
· Sherman
· 2021
[cited by applicant]
CN 1056225
· 1991
[cited by applicant]
CN 1049824
· 2000
[cited by applicant]
CN 1631539
· 2005
[cited by applicant]
CN 20041009958
· 2005
[cited by applicant]
CN 109480107
· 2019
[cited by applicant]
CN 110680809
· 2020
[cited by applicant]
CR 20140504A2
· 2015
[cited by applicant]
EP 0031284
· 1981
[cited by applicant]
EP 0454396A1
· 1991
[cited by applicant]
EP 797992
· 1997
[cited by applicant]
EP 1336602
· 2003
[cited by applicant]
EP 1429829
· 2013
[cited by applicant]
EP 2896302
· 2015
[cited by applicant]
GB 1089084
· 1967
[cited by applicant]
GB 2008578
· 1979
[cited by applicant]
GB 2052976
· 1981
[cited by applicant]
GB 2354441
· 2001
[cited by applicant]
JP 2010519335
· 2010
[cited by applicant]
JP 2012529909
· 2012
[cited by applicant]
JP 2014513527
· 2014
[cited by applicant]
JP 2014122162
· 2014
[cited by applicant]
KR 20110015141
· 2011
[cited by applicant]
WO 9843499
· 1998
[cited by applicant]
WO 0040217
· 2000
[cited by applicant]
WO 0117525
· 2001
[cited by applicant]
WO 0195897
· 2001
[cited by applicant]
WO 03063789
· 2003
[cited by applicant]
WO 2005062713
· 2005
[cited by applicant]
WO 2005115175A1
· 2005
[cited by applicant]
WO 2006025286
· 2006
[cited by applicant]
WO 2006124161
· 2006
[cited by applicant]
WO 2007000985
· 2007
[cited by applicant]
WO 2007066642
· 2007
[cited by applicant]
WO 2007093808
· 2007
[cited by applicant]
WO 2008009615
· 2008
[cited by applicant]
WO 2008043855
· 2008
[cited by applicant]
WO 2008105730
· 2008
[cited by applicant]
WO 2008105731
· 2008
[cited by applicant]
WO 2018019663
· 2018
[cited by applicant]
WO 2018071988A1
· 2018
[cited by applicant]
WO 2020160509
· 2020
[cited by applicant]
WO 2020214841
· 2020
[cited by applicant]
WO 2021188163
· 2021
[cited by applicant]
WO 2022104157
· 2022
[cited by applicant]
WO WO2022192743A1
· 2022
[cited by examiner]
Eppendorfer et. al., J. Sci. Food Agric., vol. 71, pp. 449-458, publ. 1996 (Year: 1996).
[cited by examiner]
Hanson et. al., Plant Physiol., vol. 70, pp. 1191-1198, publ. 1982 (Year: 1982).
[cited by examiner]
Vilskersts. R. et al. Magnesium nitrate attenuates blood pressure rise in SHR rats. Magnes Res. Jan.-Mar. 2014; 27(1):16-24. doi:10.1684/mrh.2014.0358. PMID: 24827813.
[cited by applicant]
Vytech advertisement for “Nitrobol Extreme” Joe Weider's Muscle & Fitness, Sep. 2005. 2 pages.
[cited by applicant]
Walker et al., Food additive and Contaminants, 1990, 7(6):717-768.
[cited by applicant]
Watt et al., “The Chemist, A Monthly Journal of Chemical & Physical Science”, vol. 1, London; Samuel Highley, 32 Fleet Street, 1854. 5 pages.
[cited by applicant]
Watts, “A Dictionary of Chemistry and the Allied Branches of Other Sciences”, Library of the University of California, Aug. 1808. 5 pages.
[cited by applicant]
Weitzberg et al., “Dietary Nitrate—A Slow Train Coming”, J Physiol 589.22 (2011) pp. 5333-5533, 2011 The Authors. Journal compilation, 2011 The Physiological Society.
[cited by applicant]
Westerhoff P. et al., “Nitrate removal in zero-valent iron packed columns”, Water Research, Elsevier, Amsterdam, NL, vol. 37, No. 8, Apr. 1, 2003 (Apr. 1, 2003), pp. 1818-1830, XP004419942, ISSN: 0043-1354, DOI: 10.1016…
[cited by applicant]
Wheatley et al., “Arginine deprivation and tumour cell death arginase and its inhibition,” Molecular and Cellular 3iochemistry, 244:177-185, 2003.
[cited by applicant]
White, Handler and Smith, Principles of Biochemistry, Fifth Edition, McGrawy-Hill, New York: 1973, pp. 89-95.
[cited by applicant]
Wilson et al., “Beta-Alanine-Bad Ass Supplement”, Iron Man Magazine, Oct. 13, 2010. 14 pages.
[cited by applicant]
Winter et al., “N-Nitrosamine Generation From Ingested Nitrate Via Nitric Oxide in Subjects With and Without Gastroesophageal Reflux,” Gastroenterology, 2007, 133:164-174.
[cited by applicant]
Ximenes et al. “Polarographic determination of nitrate in vegetables” Talanta, 2000, vol. 51, pp. 49-56. (Year: 2000).
[cited by applicant]
Xu et al., “Composite medical preparation for promoting hair growth,” CAS: 143: 103285 (2005). 1 page.
[cited by applicant]
Yu, Qin, et al., “Portable Nitric Oxide (NO) Generator Based on Electrochemical Reduction of Nitrite for Potential Applications in Inhaled NO Therapy and Cardiopulmonary Bypass Surgery” Mol Pharm, vol. 14, No. 11, Nov. …
[cited by applicant]
Zapol, Warren M. et al., “Inhaled Nitric Oxide”, British Journal of Pharmacology, Dec. 31, 2019, pp. 246-255, XP093223242, DOI: 10.1111/bph.v176.2/issuetoc.
[cited by applicant]
Zhang et al. “Role of Taurine Supplementation to Prevent Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress inhealthy Young Men” Amino Acids, 2004, 26:203-207.
[cited by applicant]
Zhang X, et al. Effects of Magnesium Supplementation on Blood Pressure: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trials. Hypertension. Aug. 2016;68(2):324-33. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.116.07664.…
[cited by applicant]
Zhang Z. et al., “Reductive denitrification kinetics of nitrite by zero-valent iron”, Desalination, Elsevier, Amsterdam, NL, vol. 257, No. 1-3, Jul. 1, 2010 (Jul. 1, 2010), pp. 158-162, XP027020374, ISSN: 0011-9164.
[cited by applicant]
Zhu et al., “Expression of Human Arginine Decarboxylase, the Biosynthetic Enzyme for Agmatine”, NIH Public Access, Biochim Biophys Acta. Jan. 22, 2004; 1670(2): 156-164.
[cited by applicant]
Ziegenfuss et al., “Effect of a Supplement Containing Primarily Beta Alanine, Arginine, Creatine Malate, and Glycerol Monostearate on Exercise-Induced Changes in Lean Mass of the Arms”, Journal of the International Soci…
[cited by applicant]
Eto et al. publication, Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 1995, 103(2):160-4.
[cited by applicant]
Examine.com, “L-Carnitine”, Sep. 12, 2014, https://examine.com/supplements/l-carnitine/. (Year: 2014) 36 pages.
[cited by applicant]
F. Murad, Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate as a Mediator of Vasodilation, J. Clin. Invest., vol. 78, pp. 1-5 (Jul. 1986).
[cited by applicant]
F. Ray, Meat Curing, ANSI-3994, OSU, 3 pages. Date unknown.
[cited by applicant]
Fanous, S. “Is Sodium Nitrate Bad for You?”, May 20, 2015, Healthline, https://www.healthline.com/health/food-iuthtion/is-sodium-nitrate-bad-for-you#1, pp. 1-8. (Year: 2015).
[cited by applicant]
Fayers et al. “Nitrate tolerance and the links with endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress,” Br J Clin Pharmacol 56:620-628 (2003).
[cited by applicant]
FDA 21 C.F.R. (I)(B) §§ 172.160 and 172.170, revised Apr. 1, 2018 (Year: 2018). 12 pages.
[cited by applicant]
FDA Regulation 42 FR, 1977, 52 pages.
[cited by applicant]
FDA Regulation 48 FR 1701, Indirect Food Additives; Paper and Paperboard Components, FDA, 1983, 5 pages.
[cited by applicant]
Feelisch et al., Eur J. Pharmacol., 1987, 139(1): 19-30.
[cited by applicant]
Fetih et al., “Nitric oxide donors can enhance the intestinal transport and absorption of insulin and [Asu1,7]-eel Calcitonin in rats,” Journal of Controlled Release 106:587-297 (2005).
[cited by applicant]
Fetih et al. “Excellent Absorption Enhancing Characteristics of NO Donors for Improving the Intestinal Absorption of Poorly Absorbable Compund Compared with Conventional Absorption Enhancers,” Drug Metab. Pharmacokinet.…
[cited by applicant]
Flaherty, 1989, Drugs, 137:523-550.
[cited by applicant]
Fraser et al., Circulation, 1983, 67(2): 405-412.
[cited by applicant]
G. M. McKnight, et al., Chemical synthesis of nitric oxide in the stomachfi-om dietary nitrate in humans, Gut, vol. 40, pp. 211-214 (1997).
[cited by applicant]
G. R. J. Thatcher, Serial Review: Mechanisms and Novel Directions in the Biological Applications of Nitric Oxide Donors, Free Radical Biology & Medicine, vol. 37, No. 8, pp. 1122-1143 (2004).
[cited by applicant]
Gago et al., Red wine-dependent reduction of nitrite to nitric oxide in the stomach, Free Radical Biology and Medicine 43:1233-1242, 2007. 10 pages.
[cited by applicant]
Galachiev S.M. et al: Possibilities of endogenous formation of nitrosamines in gastric juice In Vitro, Samara Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences Bulletin, 2011, vol. 13, No. 1(7), pp. 1678-1680.
[cited by applicant]
Gao et al., “Agmatine: A Novel Endogenous Vasodilator Substance,” Life Sciences, 57(8):83-86, 1995.
[cited by applicant]
George Barger, M.A., D.Sc., “The Simpler Natural Bases”, Monographs on Biochemistry, U.C.D. Library, Nov. 23, 1960, Digitized 2007. 232 pages.
[cited by applicant]
Giant Sport Metabolic Bioshock—Workout Supplement, on line, sale product, 2014. 1 page.
[cited by applicant]
Gibson et al. “Protective role of the epithelium of the small intestine and colon”, Inflamm. Bowel Dis., 1996, vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 279-302, abstract provided. (Year 1996).
[cited by applicant]
GNC Mega Men, “GNC Mega Men 90 Caplets”, http://www.gnc.com/GNC-Mega-Men-reg/ product.jsp?productId=4033432, Apr. 22, 2014. 3 pages.
[cited by applicant]
Godzisz, “Classification and nature of hydrogen bonds to betaine. X-ray, 13C CP MAS and IR description of low barriei hydrogen bonds,” Journal of Molecular Structure, 606:123-137, 2002.
[cited by applicant]
Gonzalez, “Migraines Are Correlated with Higher Levels of Nitrate-, Nitrite-, and Nitric Oxide-Reducing Oral Microbes in the American Gut Project Cohort”. mSystems. Oct. 18, 2016;1(5):e00105-16. doi: 10.1128/mSystems.00…
[cited by applicant]
Grasemann et al., “Oral L-arginine supplementation in cystic fibrosis patients: a placebo-controlled study,” Eur Respir J 25:62-68 (2005).
[cited by applicant]
Green et al. publication, Sports Med., 1996, 21(2): 119-146.
[cited by applicant]
Gui, Iai et al., “Reduction of N-Nitrosodimethylamine with Granular Iron and Nickel-Enhanced Iron. 1. Pathways and Kinetics”, Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 34, No. 16, Jul. 14, 2000, pp. 3489-3494.
[cited by applicant]
Gwartney, “On the Horizon: A Glimpse into the Future of Supplementation,” in Pump magazine, (Year: Nov./Dec. 1998) 4 pages.
[cited by applicant]
Gwartney, D. L, “On the Horizon: Agmatine,” Oct./Nov. 1998, PUMP 101:96-97.
[cited by applicant]
H. Yamasaki, “Blood nitrate and nitrite modulating nitric oxide bioavailability: potential therapeutic functions in COVID-19”, Nitric Oxide, vol. 103, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.niox. 2020.07.00 5, (Jul. 23, 2020), p…
[cited by applicant]
Han Ying et al., “Reduction of N-Nitrosodimethylamine with zero-valent zinc”, Water Research, vol. 47, No. 1, Jan. 1, 2013 (Jan. 1, 2013), pp. 216-224, XP093221894, Amsterdam, NL ISSN: 0043-1354, DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2…
[cited by applicant]
Harris et al. “The absorption of orally supplied beta-alanine and its effect on muscle carnosine synthesis in human vastus lateralis” Amino Acids, 2006, vol. 30, pp. 270-289. (Year: 2006).
[cited by applicant]
Harris, R.C., “The Influence of Beta-Alanine Supplementation and Training on the Muscle Carnosine Content in Human v. lateralis, and the Effect of This on Exercise Performance,” Amino Acids 29:12-13 (2005).
[cited by applicant]
Harrison, D.G. et al., “The Nitrovasodilators, new Ideas About Old Drugs,” Circulation, vol. 87, No. 5, May 1993, pp. 1461-1467).
[cited by applicant]
Hatanaka et al., “Stereoselective Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Organic Nitrates in Rats,” Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 298:346-353 (2001).
[cited by applicant]
Haussuhl, “Elastic and thermoelastic properties of twelve adducts of betaine,” Z Kristallogr, 188:311-320, 1989.
[cited by applicant]
Hayashi et al., “L-citrulline and L-arginine supplementation retards the progression of high-cholesterol-diet-induced atherosclerosis in rabbits,” PNAS 102(38): 13681-13686 (2005).
[cited by applicant]
Henriksson et al, Acta Physiol, Sep. 1, 2007, 191:1. 1 page.
[cited by applicant]
Herbwisdom.com, 2006. 4 pages.
[cited by applicant]
Hoffman et al., “Effect of Creatine and p-Alanine Supplementation on Performance and Endocrine Responses in Strength/Power Athletes”, International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 2006, 16, 430-446, …
[cited by applicant]
Honikel's publication, Meat Science, 2008, 78: 68-76.
[cited by applicant]
Hord et al., “Food Sources of Nitrates and Nitrites: The Physiological Context for Potential Health Benefits,” Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 90:1-10, 2009.
[cited by applicant]
http://www.beyondsupplements.com.au/index.php?route=product/, no date given. 5 pages.
[cited by applicant]
http://www.bodybuilding.com/store/fuel-one/6th-gear.html, no date given. 4 pages.
[cited by applicant]
http://www.curezone.org, no date given. 5 pages.
[cited by applicant]
http://www.dymatize.com/store/workoutsupport/M-P-ACT-Energy, no date given. 4 pages.
[cited by applicant]
http://www.ergo-log.com/plaatjes/xpand2x.gif, no date given.
[cited by applicant]
https://nuts.com/cookingbaking/powders/beet.html, 2016.
[cited by applicant]
https://www.thesynergycompany.com/organic-carrot-juice-powder, no date given.
[cited by applicant]
Bhatia A.L., Jain Manish, “Amaranthus paniculatus (Linn.) improves learning after radiation stress”, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Elsevier Ireland Ltd, IE, IE , (Mar. 1, 2003), vol. 85, No. 1, doi:10.1016/S0378-8741(02…
[cited by applicant]
Hu, “A Study on Elemental Irons and Iron Compounds for Food Fortification”, 18th International Congress of Nutrition, pp. 1-9, Sep. 2005.
[cited by applicant]
Hurrell et al. The Usefulness of Elemental Iron for Cereal Flour Fortification: A Sustain Task Force Report, Nutrition Reviews, Dec. 2002, pp. 391-406. (Year: 2002).
[cited by applicant]
“Coadministration” Collins English Dictionary; [online] retrieved on Mar. 27, 2025 from: https://www.collinsdictionary.com/us/dictionary/ english/coadministration; 1 page. (Year: 2025).
[cited by applicant]
Chauhan et al., “Advancements in the Co-Formulation of Biologic Therapeutics”, Journal of Controlled Release, 2020;327:397-405. (Year: 2020).
[cited by applicant]
“Co-administration” Cambridge English Dictionary; [online] retrieved on Mar. 27, 2025 from: https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/ english/co-administration; 1 page. (Year: 2025).
[cited by applicant]
Maynard et al. “High Levels of Dietary Carnosine are Associated With Increased Concentrations of Carnosine and Histidine in Rat Soleus Muscle,” J. Nutr. 131:287-290 (2001).
[cited by applicant]
McKnight et al., “Review article: Dietary nitrate in man: friend or foe?”, British Journal of Nutrition, 81:349-358, 1999.
[cited by applicant]
Merriam-Webster definition of supplement https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ supplementlaccessed Jun. 20, 2019] (Year: 2019) 13 pages.
[cited by applicant]
Merriam-Webster definition of “dietary supplement” https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/dietary%20supplement [accessed Jun. 20, 2019] (Year: 2019) 10 pages.
[cited by applicant]
Miller, Elements of Chemistry—Theoretical and Practical, Longsmans, Green, Reader and Dyer, 1869, pp. 757-770.
[cited by applicant]
Ming et al., “Thrombin Stimulates Human Endothelial Arginase Enzymatic Activity via RhoA/ROCK Pathway,” Simulation 110:3708-3714 (2004).
[cited by applicant]
Mirvish, S.S., “Blocking the formation of N-nitroso compounds with ascorbic acid in vitro and in vivo,” Annals of New York Academy of Sciences. 1975; pp. 175-180) (Year: 1975).
[cited by applicant]
Moncada et al., “The L-Arginine: Nitric Oxide Pathway”, Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, 17(Suppl. 3):S1-S9, Raven Press, New York, 1991.
[cited by applicant]
Mostad et al. “Crystal and molecular structure of DL-methionine nitrate,” CAS 104: 197543 (1986). 1 page.
[cited by applicant]
Mostad, A., “Crystal and molecular structure of DL-methionine nitrate,” Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie, 172: 175-182, 1985.
[cited by applicant]
MrSupplement. com product dietary supplement Creatine Nitrate, 2006. 2 pages.
[cited by applicant]
Muramoto, J., “Comparison of Nitrate Content in Leafy Vegetables from Organic and Conventional Farms in California” Center for Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems University of California, Santa Cruz, 1999. 66 page…
[cited by applicant]
Nature's Best advertisement for “Perfect L-Glutamine” Joe Weider's Muscle & Fitness, Sep. 2005. 2 pages.
[cited by applicant]
Niu et al., “Vasorelaxant effect of taurine is diminished by tetraethylammonium in rat isolated arteries,” European Journal of Pharmacology 580:169-174 (2008).
[cited by applicant]
NutraBioBCAA2500, 2006. 1 page.
[cited by applicant]
Oka et al. “A pilot study of L-arginine supplementation on functional capacity in peripheral arterial disease,” Vascular Medicine 10:265-274 (2005).
[cited by applicant]
Oldreive, C, Rice-Evans, C, “The Mechanisms for Nitration and Nitrotyrosine Formation in vitro and in vivo: Impact of Diet”, Free Rad. Res., vol. 35, pp. 215-231, 2001.
[cited by applicant]
Optimum Nutrition advertisement for “Adenergy Stack” Joe Weider's Muscle & Fitness, Sep. 2005. 2 pages.
[cited by applicant]
Pariser et al. Cutis, 1994, 54(1): 43-44 respectively.
[cited by applicant]
Parker et al., The Effect of Supplemental L-Arginine on Tolerance Development During Continuous Transdermal Nitroglycerin Therapy, J. of Am. Coll. of Cardiology, 39(7): 1199-1203, 2002.
[cited by applicant]
PEScience High vol. 2007. 2 pages.
[cited by applicant]
Peterosyan et al., “L-Hisitidine nitrates,” J. Molecular Structure, 794: 160-167, 2006.
[cited by applicant]
Petersson et al., “Dietary nitrate increases gastric mucosal blood flow and mucosal defense,” Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver, 292: G718-G724, 2007.
[cited by applicant]
Petrosyan et al, “L-Histidine nitrates”, Journal of Molecular Structure, 2006. p. 160-167 vol. 794. www.sciencedirect.com.
[cited by applicant]
Piccolo et al. CAS: 138: 1375892003. 3 pages. 2014.
[cited by applicant]
Pickering et al., Why Don't We Use Nitrates to Treat Older Hypertensive Patients?, Journal of Clinical Hypertension, vol. 7, No. 11, pp. 685-690 (Nov. 2005).
[cited by applicant]
Pischel et al. CAS: 134:71896, 2001. 1 page.
[cited by applicant]
Pradhan et al. “Effect of Anions on the Solubility of Zwitterionic Amino Acids,” J. Chem. Eng. Data 45(1):140-143 (2000).
[cited by applicant]
ProArgi 9 Supplement Website: ProArgi-9 Plus FAQ, “ProArgi 9 Plus Site”, http://proargi9site.blogspot.eom/p/proargi-9-plus-faq.html, Apr. 22, 2014. 5 pages.
[cited by applicant]
PS Nutrition Creatine Nitrate, on line, sale product, 2014. 5 pages.
[cited by applicant]
QuadraLean by RSP Nutrition, Bodybuilding.com, 2006. 1 page.
[cited by applicant]
Que, R. et al., “A Simple, Facile Demonstration of Copper and Nitric Acid Reaction”, Journal of Chemical Education. 2022, 99, 2762-2765.
[cited by applicant]
Rajkumar et al., “Infrared and Raman spectra of DL-aspartic acid nitrate monohydrate,” Spectrochimica Acta Part A, 54:1527-1532, 1998.
[cited by applicant]
Rajkumar et al., “Infrared and Raman spectra of L-valine nitrate and L-leucine nitrate,” J. Raman Spectrosc. 51:1107-1112(2000).
[cited by applicant]
Ramaswamy et al., “Vibrational Spectroscopic Studies of L-argininium dinitrate” Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 2003. p. 50-56. vol. 34. www.interscience.wiley.com.
[cited by applicant]
Ramljak et. al., CR 20140504 A2, English translation of patent. Dec. 4, 2015 (Year: 2015).
[cited by applicant]
Rao et al. “Structure and Conformational Aspects of the Nitrates of Amino Acids and Peptides. I. Crystal Structure of Glycylglycine Nitrate,” Acta Cryst. B29:2379-2388 (1973).
[cited by applicant]
Raymond et al., “Effects of Acute Red Spinach Extract Ingestion on Repeated Sprint Performance in Division I NCAA Female Soccer Athletes.” (Oxygen 2023;3:133-142). (Year: 2023).
[cited by applicant]
Richardson et al., “The ingestion of inorganic nitrate increases gastric S-nitrosothiol levels and inhibits platelet function in humans”, Nitric Oxide, 7:24-29, 2002.
[cited by applicant]
Riens et al., “Amino Acid and Sucrose Content Determined in the Cytosolic, Chloroplastic, and Vacuolar Compartments and in the Phloem Sap of Spinach Leavesl”, Plant Physiol. (1991) 97, 227-233, Apr. 6, 1991.
[cited by applicant]
Rimando et al., “Determination of Citrulline in Watermelon Rind”, Journal of Chromatography A, 1078 (2005) 196-200, May 2, 2005.
[cited by applicant]
Rombauer, Irma S., “Joy of Cooking”, 75th Anniversary, Scribner, New York, 2006, p. 163 (2006).
[cited by applicant]
Romero et al. “Therapeutic Use of Citrulline in Cardiovascular Disease,” Cardiovascular Drug Reviews 24 (3-4):275-290 (2006).
[cited by applicant]
Rosen et al. “Nutrient Management for Commercial Fruit & Vegetable Crops in Minnesota” University of Minnesota extension Service, 2005 pp. 35-36 <https://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/ handle/11299/51272/5886.pdf?sequen…
[cited by applicant]
RSPReGenBCAA, 2006. 2 pages.
[cited by applicant]
Ruel et al., “Modulation in Angiogenic Therapy randomized controlled trial,” J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 135:762-770 (2008).
[cited by applicant]
Rytlewski et al., “Effects of oral L-arginine on the pulsatility indices of umbilical artery and middle cerebral artery in preterm labor,” European Journal of Obstetrics &Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 138:23-28 (2…
[cited by applicant]
Rytlewski et al. “Effects of prolonged oral supplementation with L-arginine on blood pressure and nitric oxide synthesis in preeclampsia,” Eur J Clin Invest 35(1):32-37 (2005).
[cited by applicant]
S. Ramaswamy, Acta Cryst., E58, 646-648 (2002).
[cited by applicant]
Sader et al., “Endothelial Function, Vascular Reactivity and Gender Differences in the Cardiovascular System”, Cardiovascular Research 53 (2002) 597-604, Aug. 21, 2001.
[cited by applicant]
Blodgett et al. “Incidence of Hematologic Disease in Patients with Carpal Tunnel Syndrome” JAMA, 1962, 182(7), pp. 814-815.
[cited by applicant]
Bloomer et al., “Comparison of pre-workout nitric oxide stimulating dietary supplements on skeletal muscle oxygen saturation, blood nitrate/nitrite, lipid peroxidation, and upper body exercise performance in resistance …
[cited by applicant]
Bloomer et al., “Glycine propionyl-L-carnitine increases plasma nitrate/nitrite in resistance trained men,” Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition 4(22):1 1-6 (2007).
[cited by applicant]
Body S. C. et al., “Nitric Oxide: Delivery, Measurement, and Clinical Application”, Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia, Elsevier, Amsterdam, NL, vol. 9, No. 6, Jan. 1, 1995, pp. 748-763, XP009009779, ISSN…
[cited by applicant]
Boger, “The Pharmacodynamics of L-Arginine,” J. Nutr. 137:1650S-1655S (2007).
[cited by applicant]
Boguslavskiy. Effect of nitric oxide on the efficiency of oxygen usage by a working skeletal muscle under fatigue, Fiziol. Zhum., vol. 51, No. 1, pp. 33-42 (2005) & Certified Translation.
[cited by applicant]
Borison et al., “Brain 2-phenylethylamine as a major mediator for the central actions of amphetamine and methylphenidate,” Life Sci. 17: 1331-1344, Nov. 1975.
[cited by applicant]
Bover-Cid et al., “Biogeneic Amine Accumulation in Ripened Sausages Affected by the Addition of Sodium Sulphite”, Meat Science 59 (2001) 391-396, Mar. 20, 2001.
[cited by applicant]
Bryan, Nathan S., Food, Nutrition and the Nitric Oxide Pathway, Biochemistry and Bioactivity, pp. 59-63, DESTech Publications, Inc., Lancaster PA, (2010).
[cited by applicant]
BSN Volumaize Aretic Blast, on line, sale product, 2014. 1 page.
[cited by applicant]
Burtscher. The Proonged Intake of L-Arginine-L-Aspartate Reduces Blood Lactate Accumulation and Oxygen Consumption During Submaximal Exercise, Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, vol. 4, pp. 314-322 (2005).
[cited by applicant]
Carbonyl diamine [online] retrieved on Aug. 18, 2023 from: https://www.chembk.com/en/chem/Carbonyl%20diamine;1 page. (Year: 2023).
[cited by applicant]
CAS Registry No. 89695-59-0 https://chem.nlm.nih.gov/chemidplus/m/89695-59-0, 1984. 1 page.
[cited by applicant]
Cavassa et al. W098/43499. International Publication Date: Oct. 8, 1998. 33 pages.
[cited by applicant]
CFIndustries, “Material Safety Data Sheet for Urea Ammonium Nitrate Solution (UAN),” available at www.cfindustries.com/pdf/UANMSDS.pdf Oct. 25, 2006. 13 pages.
[cited by applicant]
Chabot et al., “Characterization of the vasodilator properties of peroxynitrite on rat pulmonary artery: role of poly (adenosine 5′-diphosphoribose synthase,” British Journal of Pharmacology 121: 485-490 (1997).
[cited by applicant]
Chang et.al. Arginase Modulates Nitric Oxide Production in Activated Macrophages. Am. J. Physiol., 1998, H342-H348.
[cited by applicant]
Chemical Abstracts Service, “Chemical Abstracts”, The American Chemical Society, Liquid Crystals, vol. 104, Jun. 2, 1986. 2 pages.
[cited by applicant]
ColorMaker, 2006. 1 page.
[cited by applicant]
Cosby et al., “Nitrite reduction to nitric oxide by deoxyhemoglobin vasodilates the human circulation”, Nature Medicine, vol. 9, No. 12, Dec. 2003. 9 pages.
[cited by applicant]
CPG Sec 565.100 FDA Jurisdiction Over Meat and Poultry Products, 2005. 3 pages.
[cited by applicant]
Craig, Betaine in human nutrition, 1 Am J Clin Nutr, 80:539-549, 2004.
[cited by applicant]
Creatine from Wikipedia, 2017. 2 pages.
[cited by applicant]
Creatine nitrate from PubChem, 2017. 1 page.
[cited by applicant]
Cromwell et al., “The Biosynthesis and Metabolism of Betaines in Plants,” 1953 Biochem J., 55: 189-192.
[cited by applicant]
Crooks et al., U. S. Patent Application Publication No. 2002/0065323 A1, published May 30, 2002. 8 pages.
[cited by applicant]
Curry, M.D., Steven, “Methemoglobinemia”, Ann Emerg Med, 11, 214-221, 1982.
[cited by applicant]
Curtis, J., Dec. 6, 2017, “Nitrate-Free Bacon: Myth or Reality”, https://firsthandfoods.com/author/jennifer/, pp. 1-2 Year: 2017).
[cited by applicant]
D. Bendahan et al., “Citrulline/Malate Promotes Aerobic Energy Production in Human Exercising Muscle,” Br. J. Sports Med. 36:282-89 (2002).
[cited by applicant]
D. D. Rees, et al., Role of endothelium-derived nitric oxide in the regulation of blood pressure, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, vol. 86, pp. 3375-3378 (May 1989).
[cited by applicant]
Danov et al., “Mixed Solutions of Anionic and Zwitterionic Surfactant (Betaine): Surface Tension Isotherms, Adsoprtionand Relaxation Kinetics,” Langmuir 20:5445-5453 (2004).
[cited by applicant]
Del Compo et al., “Creatinine, creatine and protein in cooked meat products”, Food Chemistry, vol. 63, No. 2, pp. 187Y190, 1998.
[cited by applicant]
Del Pilar Garcia-Santos et al., “Reactivity of Amino Acids in Nitrosation Reactions and Its Relation to the Alkylating Potential of Their Products,” J. Am. Chem. Soc, 2002, 124(10): 2177-2182.
[cited by applicant]
Dessaignes, “Research on Some Products of the Transformation of Creatine, ”The Chemist—A Monthly Journal, vol. 1, Samual Highley Publishers, London, 1854, pp. 594-597.
[cited by applicant]
Dhar et al., Complex Compounds of Acid, Base and Salt with Nitrogenous and Other Organic Substances, in National Academy of Sciences, India, Symposium on Nitrogen, Part 1, Section A, vol. 31, 1961, pp. 76-79.
[cited by applicant]
Dhas, S.A. Martin Britto et al., Growth and Characterization of a New Organic NLO Material; Glycine Nitrate, ScienceDirect, Optics communications 278 (2007) 434-438.
[cited by applicant]
Di Pasquale, Amino Acids and Proteins for the Athlete: The Anabolic Edge, 1st Edition, 1997, pp. 99-153.
[cited by applicant]
Duncan et al., “Chemical generation of nitric oxide in the mouth from the enterosaliary circulation of dietary nitrate,” Nature Medicine, 1 (6): 546-551, Jun. 1995.
[cited by applicant]
Dymatize Nutrition, “Pre-Workout”, http://www.dymatize.com/nitric-oxide, Mar. 31, 2014—Advertisement. 1 page.
[cited by applicant]
Dymatize Nutrition, “Xpand 2x 10 Serving—Dymatize Nutritional Supplements, Whey Protein, Bodybuilding”, http://www.dymatize.com/store/p/289-Xpand-2x-10-Servings.html-Advertisement. 2 pages.
[cited by applicant]
Dymatize® Xpand 2x®, Fruit Punch, Dymatize GNC, www.gnc.com/product/index.jsp?productId=13180805, Jun. 13, 2013. 4 pages.
[cited by applicant]
Dymatize® Xpand 2x®, Fruit Punch, Dymatize—GNC, www.gnc.com/product/index.jsp?productId=13180805, Jun. 17, 2013, p. 1.
[cited by applicant]
EAS advertisement for “Phosphagen Elite” Joe Weider's Muscle & Fitness, Sep. 2005. 2 pages.
[cited by applicant]
Eaton et al., “Urinary Beta-Alanine Excretion is a Marker of Abnormal as well as Normal Gut Fermentation”, Journal of Nutritional & Environmental Medicine (Jun. 2004) 14(2), 121-127.
[cited by applicant]
Edwards et al., “Amino Acids in Foods, Cysteine, Tyrosine and Essential Amino Acid Contents of Selected Foods,” Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 3(11):952-957, 1955.
[cited by applicant]
Ekblom et al., The new England Journal of Medicine, 2006, 335; 26, pp. 2792-2793.
[cited by applicant]
Elkayam et al. “Prevention of nitrate tolerance with concomitant administration of hydralzaine” Can J CArdiol, 1996, vol. 12, suppl C, pp. 17C-21C. (Year 1996).
[cited by applicant]
Elmore et al., “Compilation of free amino acid data for various food raw materials, showing the relative contributions of asparagine, glutamine, aspartic acid and glutamic acid to the fee amino acid composition”, Oct. 2…
[cited by applicant]
English translation of KR-20110015141-A, Feb. 15, 2011, pp. 1-23 (Year: 2011).
[cited by applicant]
Eppendorfer et al., “Free and Total Amino Acid Compositions of Edible Parts of Beans, Kale, Spinach, Cauliflower and Potatoes as influenced by Nitrogen,” Journal of Science of Food and Agriculture, 71:449-458, 1996.
[cited by applicant]
“Dymatize Nutritional Supplements, Whey Protein, Bodybuilding & Weight Products”, 2013 Dymatize Enterprises LLC, Xpand 2x36 Serving, http://www.dymatize.com/products/nitric-oxide/detail/1166/ xpand-2x-36-serving, 2013. …
[cited by applicant]
“Isosorbide dinitrate—leaflet print—Patient UK,” available at http://www.patient.co.uk/printer.asp?doc= 30003884, 2011.
[cited by applicant]
“Isosorbide mononitrate-leaflet print—Patient UK,” available at http://www.patient.co.uk/printer.asp?doc=30003885, 2008.
[cited by applicant]
“Nitrates and Nitrites”, TEACH Chemical Summary, U.S. EPA, Toxicity and Exposure Assessment for Children's Health, published by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency on May 22, 2007 (Year: 2007). 15 pages.
[cited by applicant]
“Xpand 2x by Dymatize at Bodybuilding.com—Lowest Price on Xpand 2x!”, Advertisement, 2012 BodyBuilding.com, LLC, http://www.bodybuilding.com/store/dymatize/xpand-2x.html, Jun. 8, 2013. 5 pages.
[cited by applicant]
“Dietary Nitrate and Nitrite to Increase Nitric Oxide in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease,” Clinical Trial available at http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00069654, 2010.
[cited by applicant]
“Glyceryl trinitrate—leaflet print—Patient UK,” available at http://www.patient.co.uk/printer.asp?dock=30003883, 2008.
[cited by applicant]
“Heart attack—Nitrates & vasodilators—Revolution health,” available at http://www.revolutionhealth.com/conditions/heart/heart-attack/medication-types/nitrates-vasodilators, 2011. 1 page.
[cited by applicant]
“Nitrates and nitrites (PIM G016),” available at http://inchem.org/documents/pims/chemical/img016.htm, retrieved online Mar. 23, 2011.
[cited by applicant]
A Butler et al., Medieval Chinese Medicine: The Dunhuang Medical Manuscripts (Chapter 16: A treatment for carenovascular dysfunction in a Dunhuang medical manuscript), Routledge (2005) 14 pages.
[cited by applicant]
A. Patrician et al., “Dietary nitrate enhances arterial oxygen saturation after dynamic apnea”, Scand J Med Sci Sports, (20170000), vol. 27, doi:10.1111/sms.12684, pp. 622-626, XP055943939.
[cited by applicant]
Abd El-Gawad et al. AAPS PharmaSciTech, 2017, 18(5):1795-1809.
[cited by applicant]
Abou-Mohamed et al. “Role of L-Arginine in the Vascular Actions and Development of Tolerance to Nitroglycerin”, British Journal of Pharmacology (2000) 130, 211-218.
[cited by applicant]
Acetyl/propionyl Carnitine from BodyBuilding, 2006. 1 page.
[cited by applicant]
Ahtee et al. “Taurine Biological Actions and Clinical Perspectives,” J. Nutr. 116:2555-2556 (1986).
[cited by applicant]