Electrolyte additives for transition metal cyanometallate electrode stabilization
A method is provided for the self-repair of a transition metal cyanometallate (TMCM) battery electrode. The battery is made from a TMCM cathode, an anode, and an electrolyte including solution formed from a solvent and an alkali or alkaline earth salt. The electrolyte includes an additive represented as G-R-g: where G and g are independently include materials with nitrogen (N) sulfur (S), oxygen (O), or combinations of the above-recited elements; and where R is an alkene or alkane group. In response to charging and discharging the battery in a plurality of cycles, the method creates vacancies in a surface of the TMCM cathode. Then, the method fills the vacancies in the surface of the TMCM cathode with the electrolyte additive. An electrolyte and TMCM battery using the above-mentioned additives are also provided.
1. A transition metal cyanometallate (TMCM) electrode battery comprising:
a TMCM cathode;
an anode;
a non-aqueous electrolyte comprising:
a solution including a solvent and a salt selected from the group consisting of alkali and alkaline earth metals;
an additive comprising G-R-g:
where G and g are nitrile groups; and,
where R is selected from the group consisting of an alkyl group and an alkenyl group.
2. The battery of claim 1 wherein the solvent is selected from the group consisting of carbonates, furan, oxane, ether, ketone, ester, amide, acetate, siloxane, and combinations thereof.
3. The battery of claim 1 wherein the salt comprises alkali or alkaline earth metal cations and anions selected from the group consisting of chlorides, sulfates, nitrates, phosphates, bromides, iodides, aluminates, acetates, hexafluorophosphates, tetrafluoroborates, perchlorates, hexafluoroarsenates, tetrachloroaluminates, trifluoromethanesulfonates (triflates), bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imides, and bis(pentafluoroethanesulfonyl)imides.
4. The battery of claim 1 wherein the percentage by weight (wt %) of additive to solution is in a range of 0.1 to 50 wt %.
5. The battery of claim 1 wherein the TMCM cathode is expressed by the formula B N M1 P M2 Q (CN) R .F H 2 O;
where B is selected from a first group of metals comprising alkali, alkaline earth metals, silver (Ag), and aluminum (Al);
where M1 M2 are independently selected from a second group of transition metals, tin (Sn), indium (In), Ca, Mg, strontium (Sr), and barium (Ba);
where N is in a range of 0 to 2;
where P is less than or equal to 2;
where F is in a range of 0 to 20;
where Q is less than or equal to 2; and,
where R is less than or equal to 6.
6. The battery of claim 5 wherein the first group of metals comprise lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), cesium (Cs), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), magnesium (Mg), and combinations thereof.
7. The battery of claim 1 wherein the anode is made from a material selected from the group consisting of carbonaceous materials, alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, alloys including tin, alloys including lead, alloys including silicon, alloys including phosphorous, alloys including germanium, titanates including alkali metals, titanates including alkaline earth metals, and combinations thereof.
8. The battery of claim 1 wherein the additive is adiponitrile (ADN).