Toner
A toner comprising a toner particle, the toner particle comprising: a binder resin and a wax; wherein the toner particle has a toner core particle and a protrusion present on the surface of the toner core particle, the protrusion comprises an organosilicon polymer, where in cross-sectional observation of the toner particle, a line segment connecting both ends of an interface between the toner core particle and the protrusion is defined as a reference line, and the length of the reference line is denoted by W (nm), and a maximum length of the protrusion in the toner core particle direction from the reference line in the normal direction of the reference line is defined as a maximum penetration depth I (nm), W and I satisfy I/W≤0.050, and Young's modulus of the protrusion E1 is 1.00 to 3.90 GPa.
1 . A toner, comprising:
a toner particle comprising a binder resin and a wax;
the toner particle having a toner core particle comprising an organosilicon compound segment, and having a protrusion on a surface of the toner core particle; and
the protrusion comprising an organosilicon polymer, wherein
I/W≤0.050 and E1 is 1.00 to 3.90 GPa where in a horizontal image obtained in cross-sectional observation of the toner particle with a transmission electron microscope by drawing a line along a circumference of the surface of the toner core particle and converting based on the line along the circumference, W (nm) is the length of a reference line defined by a line segment connecting both ends of an interface between the toner core particle and the protrusion, I (nm) is a maximum penetration depth defined by a maximum length of the protrusion in the toner core particle direction from the reference line in the normal direction of the reference line, and E1 is a Young's modulus of the protrusion calculated by Hertz's contact theory, and
a normalized intensity A is 8.00×10 −4 to 4.00×10 −2 and a normalized intensity B is 7.99×10 −4 or less, where normalized intensity A is a normalized intensity of silicon ions defined by (ionic intensity of silicon ion (m/z=28))/(total ionic intensity at m/z=0.5 to 1850) obtained by measuring the toner core particle with a time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometer, and normalized intensity B is a normalized intensity of silicon ions when the toner core particle is sputtered with an argon gas cluster ion beam for 250 sec under conditions of 5 kV acceleration voltage, 6.5 nA current, 600 μm 2 raster size and 5 sec/cycle irradiation time.
2 . The toner according to claim 1 , wherein (E1/E2) is 1.0 to 4.5 where E2 is the Young's modulus of the surface of the toner core particle.
3 . The toner according to claim 2 , wherein E2 is 0.50 GPa or more and less than 1.00 GPa.
4 . The toner according to claim 1 , wherein normalized intensity A is 8.00×10 −4 to 1.00×10 −2 , and normalized intensity B is 6.99×10 −4 or less.
5 . The toner according to claim 1 , wherein 30 to 70% of the area of the toner core particle surface is covered with the protrusions.
6 . The toner according to claim 1 , wherein W is 80 to 250 nm, and
the organosilicon polymer has a structure represented by R—SiO 3/2 when R represents a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms or an aryl group.
7 . The toner according to claim 1 , wherein H is 25 to 100 nm and W/H is 1.5 to 3.7 where H is a number-average height of the protrusions measured with a scanning probe microscope.
8 . The toner according to claim 1 , wherein the wax is an ester wax comprising an ester compound of an aliphatic diol having 2 to 6 carbon atoms and an aliphatic monocarboxylic acid having 14 to 22 carbon atoms.
9 . The toner according to claim 8 , wherein the binder resin has a monomer unit M1, and |SP (M1)−SP (W)| of the binder resin is 1.00 or less, where SP (M1) is an SP value of the monomer unit M1 in the Fedors method and SP (W) is an SP value of the ester wax.
10 . The toner according to claim 9 , wherein monomer unit M1 has a structure represented by formula (4),
when L 1 represents —COO(CH 2 ) n —, n is an integer of 11 to 31, the carbonyl of L 1 is bonded to a carbon atom of the main chain, and R 1 represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group.