Pre-lithiation of electrode materials in a semi-solid electrode
Embodiments described herein relate generally to electrochemical cells having pre-lithiated semi-solid electrodes, and particularly to semi-solid electrodes that are pre-lithiated during the mixing of the semi-solid electrode slurry such that a solid-electrolyte interface (SEI) layer is formed in the semi-solid electrode before the electrochemical cell formation. In some embodiments, a semi-solid electrode includes about 20% to about 90% by volume of an active material, about 0% to about 25% by volume of a conductive material, about 10% to about 70% by volume of a liquid electrolyte, and lithium (as lithium metal, a lithium-containing material, and/or a lithium metal equivalent) in an amount sufficient to substantially pre-lithiate the active material. The lithium metal is configured to form a solid-electrolyte interface (SEI) layer on a surface of the active material before an initial charging cycle of an electrochemical cell that includes the semi-solid electrode.
1. A method of preparing a pre-lithiated semi-solid anode, comprising:
mixing an active material, a lithium metal or lithium-containing material having a solid phase, and an electrolyte to form a pre-lithiated semi-solid anode material such that the pre-lithiated semi-solid anode material is charged during the mixing, the lithium metal or lithium-containing material in an amount sufficient to provide a buffer for active lithium ions during cycling; and
forming the pre-lithiated semi-solid anode material into a pre-lithiated semi-solid anode.
2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
combining a conductive material with the pre-lithiated anode material.
3. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
combining a high capacity material with the pre-lithiated anode material.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein a solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layer forms on the semi-solid anode material at least partially during the mixing.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein:
the active material is in a range of about 20% to about 90% by volume of the semi-solid anode material; and
the conductive material is in range of about 0% to about 25% by volume of the semi-solid anode material.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the lithium metal or lithium containing material comprises about 1% to about 12% by volume of the semi-solid anode material.
7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the semi-solid anode further comprises about 1% to about 50% by volume of a high capacity material.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the high capacity material includes at least one of tin, silicon, antimony, aluminum, titanium oxide, and/or an oxide or alloy of tin, silicon, antimony, or aluminum.
9. The method of claim 7 , wherein lithium from the lithium metal or lithium containing material intercalates with the high capacity material, the intercalation expanding the semi-solid anode before an initial charging cycle of an electrochemical cell in which the semi-solid anode is included.
10. A method of manufacturing an anode, the method comprising:
mixing an active material, a conductive material, an electrolyte, and a lithium metal and/or lithium-containing material having a solid phase to form an anode mixture such that the pre-lithiated semi-solid anode material is charged during the mixing, the lithium metal and/or lithium-containing material in an amount sufficient to provide a buffer for active lithium ions during cycling; and
storing the anode mixture in a dry environment for a duration sufficient to substantially pre-lithiate the anode mixture prior to its incorporation into an electrochemical cell.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein a solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layer forms on the semi-solid anode material at least partially during the mixing.
12. The method of claim 10 , wherein the storage duration is sufficient to form the SEI layer on substantially all of the surface area of the active material.
13. The method of claim 10 , wherein the active material constitutes between 20% and 90% of the anode mixture.
14. The method of claim 10 , wherein the liquid electrolyte constitutes between 10% and 70% of the anode mixture.
15. The method of claim 10 , wherein the anode mixture further comprises a high capacity material.
16. A method of manufacturing an electrochemical cell, the method comprising:
assembling a cell stack, the assembling including:
mixing an anode mixture comprising an active material, a conductive material, an electrolyte, and a lithium-bearing material having a solid phase, such that the semi-solid anode material is charged with lithium during the mixing, the lithium bearing material in an amount sufficient to provide a buffer for active lithium ions during cycling;
placing a separator membrane atop the anode mixture; and
placing a cathode atop the separator membrane; and
storing the cell stack in a dry environment for a duration sufficient to substantially pre-lithiate the anode mixture prior to cycling.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the storage duration is sufficient to form the SEI layer on substantially all of the surface area of the active material.
18. The method of claim 16 , wherein the active material constitutes between 20% and 90% of the anode mixture.
19. The method of claim 16 , wherein the anode mixture further comprises a high capacity material.
20. The method of claim 16 , the assembling further including:
preparing a cathode mixture comprising:
a further active material;
a further conductive material;
a further electrolyte; and
lithium in an amount sufficient to increase the stability of the cathode, and forming the cathode from the cathode mixture.