Electrochemical cells with flame retardant mechanism and methods of producing the same
Apparatus, systems, and methods described herein relate to the manufacture and use of electrochemical cells with a flame retardant mechanism. In some embodiments, an electrochemical cell includes a first current collector coupled to a first portion of a first pouch, the first current collector having a first electrode material disposed thereon. The electrochemical cell further includes a second current collector coupled to a second portion of the first pouch, the second current collector having a second electrode material disposed thereon. The electrochemical cell further includes a separator disposed between the first electrode material and the second electrode material, the first portion of the first pouch coupled to the second portion of the first pouch to enclose the electrochemical cell. The electrochemical cell further includes a flame retardant material coated to the first pouch and a second pouch, the second pouch enclosing the first pouch and the flame retardant material.
1. An electrochemical cell, comprising:
a first current collector coupled to a first portion of a first pouch, the first current collector having a first electrode material disposed thereon;
a second current collector coupled to a second portion of the first pouch, the second current collector having a second electrode material disposed thereon;
a separator disposed between the first electrode material and the second electrode material, the first portion of the first pouch coupled to the second portion of the first pouch to enclose the electrochemical cell;
a first flame retardant material disposed on a first portion of the first pouch, the first portion proximate the first electrode material;
a second flame retardant material different from the first flame retardant material, the second flame retardant material disposed on a second portion of the first pouch, the second portion proximate the second electrode material; and
a second pouch, the second pouch enclosing the first pouch, and the first flame retardant material, and the second flame retardant material.
2. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the first flame retardant material includes a gas suppression precursor that produces a flame suppressing gas above a threshold temperature.
3. The electrochemical cell of claim 2 , wherein the gas suppression precursor includes at least one of urea, urea-formaldehyde resins, dicyandiamide, melamine, polyamide, melamine cyanurate, melamine borate, melamine phosphate, melamine polyphosphate, melamine-poly (aluminum phosphate), Li 2 CO 3 , NaHICO 3 , PbCO 3 , and polycaprolactam.
4. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the first flame retardant material includes at least one of a metal hydroxide, aluminum trihydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, or lithium hydroxide.
5. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the first flame retardant material includes at least one of chlorinated paraffins, hexabromocyclododecane, decabromodiphenyl ether, tetrabromophthalic anyhydride, tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), hexachlorocyclopentadiene, tetrachlorphthalic anhydride, chlorendic acid, polybrominated biphenyl (BB), polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), 2,4,6-tribromophenol (TBP).
6. The electrochemical cell of claim 5 , wherein the second flame retardant material includes at least one of antimony trioxide, molybdenum trioxide, sodium antimonate, barium metaborate, or ammonium fluoroborate.
7. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the first flame retardant material includes an ionic liquid, 1 -vinyl- 3 -(diethoxyphosphoryl)-propylimidazolium bromide, 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium methylphosphonate, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, and/or 3-hexyl-1-methyl-1-H-imidazol-3-ium bromide.
8. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the first flame retardant material includes a liquid and/or a solid material that melts above a threshold temperature to suppress a flame.
9. The electrochemical cell of claim 8 , wherein the first flame retardant material includes Isopropyl Phenyl Diphenyl Phosphate (IPPP), Diphenyloctyl phosphate (DPOF), Triphenyl Phosphate (TPP), Dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP), Triethyl Phosphate (TEP), and/or Trimethyl Phosphate (TMP).
10. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the first flame retardant material includes a foaming flame suppressor that produces a foam above a threshold temperature.
11. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the first pouch includes polymer materials, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), nylon, high-density polyethylene (HDPE), oriented polypropylene (o-PP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyimide (PI), polysulfone (PSU), inorganic ceramics, aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ), boron nitride, carbon belt, cloth with flame retardant treatment, cloth with insulation treatment, cast polypropylene (c-PP), polyethylene (PE), ethylene vinylacetate (EVA), poly-vinyl acetate (PVA), polyamide (PA), acrylic adhesives, ultraviolet (UV)/electron beam (EB)/infrared (IR) curable resin, polyether ether ketone (PEEK), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), polyethersulfone (PES), polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), and/or polyphenylene oxide (PPO).
12. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the first flame retardant material is configured to activate at a threshold temperature, and a third portion of the first pouch is substantially free of the flame retardant material such that the first pouch remains substantially intact after activation of the first flame retardant material.
13. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the first portion of the first pouch is on an internal surface of the first pouch.
14. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the first flame retardant material is disposed on at least about 50 % of a surface area of the internal surface of the first pouch.
15. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the first portion of the first pouch is on an internal surface and an external surface of the first pouch, the first flame retardant material disposed on the internal surface and the external surface of the first pouch.