Adaptive equalization with group delay
Methods, apparatuses, and systems are presented for performing adaptive equalization involving receiving a signal originating from a channel associated with inter-symbol interference, filtering the signal using a filter having a plurality of adjustable tap weights to produce a filtered signal, and adaptively updating each of the plurality of adjustable tap weights to a new value to reduce effects of inter-symbol interference, wherein each of the plurality of adjustable tap weights is adaptively updated to take into account a constraint relating to a measure of error in the filtered signal and a constraint relating to group delay associated with the filter. Each of the plurality of adjustable tap weights may be adaptively updated to drive group delay associated with the filter toward a target group delay.
1. An apparatus for performing adaptive equalization, the apparatus comprising:
a receiver configured to receive a signal from a communication channel;
a filter having a plurality of adjustable weights and configured to filter the received signal to produce a filtered signal; and
a coefficient unit configured to supply the adjustable weights and to update the adjustable weights by effectively adding to each of the adjustable weights a first value and a negative of a second value, the first value to reduce a measure of error in the filtered signal and the second value to reduce a squared difference between a group delay associated with the filter and a target group delay.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the filter comprises a feed-forward transversal filter.
3. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the filter comprises a decision feedback filter.
4. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the filter comprises a continuous-time filter.
5. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the coefficient unit is configured to update the adjustable weights to reduce a measure of error in the filtered signal based on a least-mean-square algorithm.
6. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the filter comprises:
a plurality of filtering elements configured to respond to the received signal, the filtering elements characterized by linearly independent impulse responses, the filtering elements configured to produce a plurality of intermediate signals in response to the received signal according to the linearly independent impulse responses;
a plurality of scaling elements configured to scale each of the intermediate signals by one of the plurality of adjustable weights to produce a plurality of scaled signals; and
a combiner configured to combine the scaled signals to produce the filtered signal.
7. The apparatus of claim 6 , wherein the plurality of filtering elements are continuous-time filtering elements.
8. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the group delay associated with the filter is a measure of the group delay of the filter at zero frequency.
9. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the second value is proportional to a gradient of the squared difference between the group delay associated with the filter and the target group delay.
10. A method for performing adaptive equalization, the method comprising:
receiving a signal from a communication channel;
filtering the received signal using a filter having a plurality of adjustable weights to produce a filtered signal; and
updating each of the plurality of adjustable weights to a new value, the new value being a sum of a current adjustable weight and a first value to reduce a measure of error in the filtered signal and a second value to reduce a squared difference between a group delay, expressed in terms of the adjustable weights, associated with filtering the received signal and a target group delay.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein the filter comprises a feed-forward transversal filter.
12. The method of claim 10 , wherein the filter comprises a decision feedback filter.
13. The method of claim 10 , wherein the filter comprises a continuous-time filter.
14. The method of claim 10 , wherein updating each of the plurality of adjustable weights to a new value to reduce a measure of error in the filtered signal comprises updating based on a least-mean-square algorithm.
15. The method of claim 10 , wherein updating each of the plurality of adjustable weights comprises scaling a constraint related to error in the filtered signal by a first scaling factor and scaling a constraint related to group delay by a second scaling factor.
16. The method of claim 10 , wherein filtering the received signal comprises:
processing the received signal to effectively apply a plurality of linearly independent impulse responses to the received signal to produce a plurality of intermediate signals;
scaling each of the intermediate signals by one of the plurality adjustable weights to produce a plurality of scaled signals; and
combining the scaled signals to produce the filtered signal.
17. The method of claim 10 , wherein the group delay associated with filtering the received signal is a measure of the group delay of filtering the received signal at zero frequency.
18. The method of claim 10 , wherein the target group delay is dynamically adjusted.
19. The method of claim 10 , wherein adaptively updating each of the plurality of adjustable tap weights comprises utilizing a gradient of the squared difference between the group delay associated with filtering the received signal and the target group delay.
20. A method for performing adaptive equalization, comprising:
receiving a signal from a communication channel;
filtering the received signal utilizing a filter having adjustable weights to produce a filtered signal; and
updating the adjustable weights to new values, wherein updating comprises adding, to current values of the adjustable weights, a first value based on a measure of error in the filtered signal and a second value based on a difference between a group delay associated with the filter and a target group delay, the second value being proportional to a sum of products of each of the adjustable weights and an index of the adjustable weight minus the target group delay, multiplied by the target group delay minus the index of the adjustable weight and a scale factor.
21. The method of claim 20 , wherein the group delay associated with the filter is a measure of the group delay of the filter at zero frequency.
22. The method of claim 20 , wherein the second value is a gradient of the square of the difference between the group delay of the filter and the target group delay.
23. The method of claim 20 , wherein the first value is the measure of error in the filtered signal multiplied by a delayed copy of the received signal and a scale factor.
24. The method of claim 20 , wherein filtering the received signal comprises:
processing the received signal to effectively apply a plurality of continuous-time linearly independent impulse responses to the received signal to produce a plurality of intermediate signals;
scaling each of the intermediate signals by one of the adjustable weights to produce a plurality of scaled signals; and
combining the scaled signals to produce the filtered signal.