Transition metal hexacyanometallate electrode with water-soluble binder
A method is provided for fabricating a transition metal hexacyanometallate (TMHCM) electrode with a water-soluble binder. The method initially forms an electrode mix slurry comprising TMHCF and a water-soluble binder. The electrode mix slurry is applied to a current collector, and then dehydrated to form an electrode. The electrode mix slurry may additionally comprise a carbon additive such as carbon black, carbon fiber, carbon nanotubes, graphite, or graphene. The electrode is typically formed with TMHCM greater than 50%, by weight, as compared to a combined weight of the TMHCM, carbon additive, and binder. Also provided are a TMHCM electrode made with a water-soluble binder and a battery having a TMHCM cathode that is made with a water-soluble binder.
1. A transition metal hexacyanometallate (TMHCM) electrode with water-soluble binder, the electrode comprising:
a current collector;
a TMHCM active material overlying the current collector;
exclusively water-soluble materials binding the TMHCM material to the current collector.
2. The electrode of claim 1 wherein the water-soluble material is selected from the group consisting of poly(acrylonitrile-co-acrylamide)polymer, carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), poly vinyl alcohol, polyvinylpyrrolidone, poly acrylic acid, polymethacrylic acid, polyethylene oxide, polyacrylamide, poly-N-isopropylacrylamide, poly-N,N-dimethylacrylamide, polyethyleneimine, polyoxyethylene, polyvinylsulfonic acid, poly(2-methoxyethoxyethoxyethylene), styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), butadiene-acrylonitrile rubber (NBR), hydrogenated NBR (HNBR), epichlorohydrin rubber (CHR), acrylate rubber (ACM), poly(allylamine), xanthan gum, guar gum, chitosan, polyvinyl acetate, gelatin, casein, cellulose, and poly(carboxylic acid).
3. The electrode of claim 2 wherein the cellulose is selected from the group consisting of natural cellulose, physically modified cellulose, chemically modified cellulose, natural polysaccharides, chemically modified polysaccharides, physically modified polysaccharides, hydroxy-methyl cellulose, and methyl ethyl hydroxy cellulose.
4. The electrode of claim 2 wherein the poly(carboxylic acid) is selected from the group consisting of polylactic acid (PLA), polyacrylic acid, polysuccinic acid, poly maleic acid and anhydride, poly furoic (pyromucic acid), poly fumaric acid, poly sorbic acid, poly linoleic acid, poly linolenic acid, poly glutamic acid, poly methacrylic acid, poly licanic acid, poly glycolic acid, poly aspartic acid, poly amic acid, poly formic acid, poly acetic acid, poly propionic acid, poly butyric acid, poly sebacic acid, and copolymers thereof.
5. The electrode of claim 1 further comprising:
a carbon additive selected from the group consisting of carbon black, carbon fiber, carbon nanotubes, graphite, and graphene.
6. The electrode of claim 5 wherein the TMHCM active material is greater than 50%, by weight, as compared to a combined weight of the TMHCM active material, carbon additive, and binder.
7. The electrode of claim 1 wherein the TMHCM active material is expressed by the formula A N M1 p M2 Q (CN) R .FH 2 O;
where “A” is selected from a first group of metals including alkali and alkaline earth metals;
where M1 and M2 are independently selected from a second group of metals;
where N is in a range of 0 to 2;
where P is less than or equal to 2;
where F is in a range of 0 to 20;
where Q is less than or equal to 2; and,
where R is less than or equal to 6.
8. The electrode of claim 7 wherein the first group of metals includes lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), cesium (Cs), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), silver (Ag), aluminum (Al), magnesium (Mg), and combinations thereof.
9. The electrode of claim 7 wherein M1 and M2 are materials each independently selected from the group consisting of titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), niobium (Nb), ruthenium (Ru), tin (Sn), indium (In), cadmium (Cd), Ca, Mg, strontium (Sr), and barium (Ba).
10. A method of fabricating a transition metal hexacyanometallate (TMHCM) electrode with a water-soluble binder, the method comprising:
forming an electrode mix slurry comprising TMHCF and a binder comprised exclusively of a water-soluble material;
applying the electrode mix slurry to a current collector; and,
dehydrating the electrode mix to form an electrode.
11. The method of claim 10 wherein forming the electrode mix slurry includes forming an electrode mix slurry additionally comprising a carbon additive selected from the group consisting of carbon black, carbon fiber, carbon nanotubes, graphite, and graphene.
12. The method of claim 11 wherein forming the electrode includes forming the electrode with TMHCM greater than 50%, by weight, as compared to a combined weight of the TMHCM, carbon additive, and binder.
13. The method of claim 10 wherein forming the electrode mix slurry includes the water-soluble material being selected from the group consisting of poly(acrylonitrile-co-acrylamide) polymer, carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), poly vinyl alcohol, polyvinylpyrrolidone, poly acrylic acid, polymethacrylic acid, polyethylene oxide, polyacrylamide, poly-N-isopropylacrylamide, poly-N,N-dimethylacrylamide, polyethyleneimine, polyoxyethylene, polyvinylsulfonic acid, poly(2-methoxyethoxyethoxyethylene), styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), butadiene-acrylonitrile rubber (NBR), hydrogenated NBR (HNBR), epichlorohydrin rubber (CHR), acrylate rubber (ACM), poly(allylamine), xanthan gum, guar gum, chitosan, polyvinyl acetate, gelatin, casein, cellulose, and poly(carboxylic acid).
14. The method of claim 13 wherein the cellulose is selected from the group consisting of natural cellulose, physically modified cellulose, chemically modified cellulose, natural polysaccharides, chemically modified polysaccharides, physically modified polysaccharides, hydroxy-methyl cellulose, and methyl ethyl hydroxy cellulose.
15. The method of claim 13 wherein the poly(carboxylic acid) is selected from the group consisting of polylactic acid (PLA), polyacrylic acid, polysuccinic acid, poly maleic acid and anhydride, poly furoic (pyromucic acid), poly fumaric acid, poly sorbic acid, poly linoleic acid, poly linolenic acid, poly glutamic acid, poly methacrylic acid, poly licanic acid, poly glycolic acid, poly aspartic acid, poly amic acid, poly formic acid, poly acetic acid, poly propionic acid, poly butyric acid, poly sebacic acid, and copolymers thereof.
16. A battery having a transition metal hexacyanometallate (TMHCM) cathode with water-soluble binder, the battery comprising:
a cathode comprising TMHCM and a binder formed exclusively from water-soluble materials;
an anode; and,
a non-aqueous electrolyte.
17. The battery of claim 16 wherein the water-soluble binder is selected from the group consisting of poly(acrylonitrile-co-acrylamide)polymer, carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), poly vinyl alcohol, polyvinylpyrrolidone, poly acrylic acid, polymethacrylic acid, polyethylene oxide, polyacrylamide, poly-N-isopropylacrylamide, poly-N,N-dimethylacrylamide, polyethyleneimine, polyoxyethylene, polyvinylsulfonic acid, poly(2-methoxyethoxyethoxyethylene), styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), butadiene-acrylonitrile rubber (NBR), hydrogenated NBR (HNBR), epichlorohydrin rubber (CHR), acrylate rubber (ACM), poly(allylamine), xanthan gum, guar gum, chitosan, polyvinyl acetate, gelatin, casein, cellulose, and poly(carboxylic acid).
18. The battery of claim 17 wherein the cellulose is selected from the group consisting of natural cellulose, physically modified cellulose, chemically modified cellulose, natural polysaccharides, chemically modified polysaccharides, physically modified polysaccharides, hydroxy-methyl cellulose, and methyl ethyl hydroxy cellulose.
19. The battery of claim 17 wherein the poly(carboxylic acid) is selected from the group consisting of polylactic acid (PLA), polyacrylic acid, polysuccinic acid, poly maleic acid and anhydride, poly furoic (pyromucic acid), poly fumaric acid, poly sorbic acid, poly linoleic acid, poly linolenic acid, poly glutamic acid, poly methacrylic acid, poly licanic acid, poly glycolic acid, poly aspartic acid, poly amic acid, poly formic acid, poly acetic acid, poly propionic acid, poly butyric acid, poly sebacic acid, and copolymers thereof.
20. The battery of claim 16 wherein the cathode further comprises a carbon additive selected from the group consisting of carbon black, carbon fiber, carbon nanotubes, graphite, and graphene.
21. The battery of claim 16 wherein the TMHCM is expressed by the formula A N M1 P M2 Q (CN) R .FH 2 O;
where “A” is selected from a first group of metals including alkali and alkaline earth metals;
where M1 and M2 are independently selected from a second group of transition metals;
where N is in a range of 0 to 2;
where P is less than or equal to 2;
where F is in a range of 0 to 20;
where Q is less than or equal to 2; and,
where R is less than or equal to 6.
22. The battery of claim 16 wherein the anode is made from a material selected from the group consisting of carbonaceous materials, alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, alloys including tin, alloys including lead, alloys including silicon, alloys including phosphorous, alloys including germanium, titanates including alkali metals, titanates including alkaline earth metals, and combinations thereof.