Microstructure enhanced absorption photosensitive devices
Techniques for enhancing the absorption of photons in semiconductors with the use of microstructures are described. The microstructures, such as pillars and/or holes, effectively increase the effective absorption length resulting in a greater absorption of the photons. Using microstructures for absorption enhancement for silicon photodiodes and silicon avalanche photodiodes can result in bandwidths in excess of 10 Gb/s at photons with wavelengths of 850 nm, and with quantum efficiencies of approximately 90% or more.
1. An integrated structure comprising:
an array of pillars comprising Si, Ge, and/or SiGe alloy semiconductor material, wherein at least some of the pillars are configured to include photodetectors and have respective light-receiving surfaces and respective sides;
wherein at least some of the pillars comprise P-doped and N-doped regions and are configured to respond to illumination with light in selected visible and infrared wavelengths by generating electrical charge carriers;
one or more holes that are fabricated as recesses at or under the light-receiving surface of each of at least some of the pillars, have elongated or other shapes at or parallel to the light-receiving surfaces, extend into the pillars to a depth of 100 to 10000 nm, and are filled at least partly with solid dielectric material;
wherein at least some of the holes are elongated along the respective light-receiving surfaces;
side-isolation comprising solid material between at least portions of the sides of at least some of the pillars;
a solid dielectric material forming a base dielectric region for the array;
electrical contacts configured to provide electrical pathways coupled electrically to at least some of the photodetectors, including for selected reverse-biasing thereof;
wherein the presence of said one or more holes increases by a factor of at least 1.1 the absorption of the light by at least some of the photodetectors relative to like photodetectors lacking said holes.
2. The integrated structure of claim 1 , wherein the array is monolithically integrated with Si electronic devices.
3. The integrated structure of claim 1 , wherein each of at least some of the pillars has a plurality of the elongated holes.
4. The integrated structure of claim 1 , wherein each of at least some of the pillars has only one of the elongated holes.
5. The integrated structure of claim 1 , in which the light-receiving surfaces have respective widths, and the elongated holes extend along less than the widths of the light-receiving surfaces of at least some of the pillars in which the holes are fabricated.
6. The integrated structure of claim 5 in which each of at least some of the elongated holes has at least one closed contour remote from respective side edges of the light-receiving surface in which the hole is fabricated.
7. The integrated structure of claim 1 , in which the electrical contacts are configured to selectively provide electrical fields across at least some of the photodetectors.
8. The integrated structure of claim 1 , in which two or more of the photodetectors share one of the electrical contacts.
9. The integrated structure of claim 1 , wherein the array is monolithically integrated with Si electronic devices for signal processing and transmission.
10. The integrated structure of claim 1 , wherein the array is monolithically integrated with Si electronic devices for transmitting electrical signals related to accumulations of the charge carriers in at least some of the photodetectors.
11. The integrated structure of claim 1 , in which each of at least some of the photodetectors is configured such that the light passes through at least a part of the one of the P-doped region and N-doped region of the photodetector before reaching any part of the other doped region of the photodetector.
12. The integrated structure of claim 1 , in which the doped regions of each of at least some of the photodetectors are configured such that the light passes through at least a part of the P-doped region before reaching any part of the N-doped region.
13. An integrated structure comprising:
an array of pillars comprising Si, Ge, and/or alloyed SiGe semiconductor material, wherein at least some of the pillars have respective sides and respective light-receiving surfaces with selected widths and comprise at least one photodetector;
wherein at least some of the pillars comprise P-doped and N-doped regions and are configured to respond to illumination with light in selected visible and infrared wavelengths by generating electrical charge carriers;
one or more holes that are fabricated as recesses at or under the light-receiving surface of each of at least some of the pillars,
wherein each of the holes (i) has an elongated shape extending in length over less than the width of the light-receiving surface in which the hole is fabricated, (ii) has at least one closed contour at the light-receiving surface in which the hole is fabricated, (ii) extends into the pillar in which the hole is fabricated to a depth of 100 to 10000 nm, and (iv) is filled at least partly with solid dielectric material;
side-isolation comprising solid material between at least portions of the sides of at least some of the pillars;
a solid dielectric material forming a base dielectric region for the array;
electrical contacts configured to provide electrical pathways coupled electrically to at least some of the photodetectors, including for selected reverse-biasing thereof;
wherein the presence of the one or more holes increases, by a factor of at least 1.1, absorption of the light by at least some of the photodetectors relative to like photodetectors lacking the holes; and
wherein the array is monolithically integrated with Si electronic devices for signal processing and transmission.
14. The integrated structure of claim 13 , in which each of at least some of the pillars has only one of the elongated holes fabricated therein.
15. The integrated structure of claim 13 , in which each of at least some of the pillars has at least two of the elongated holes.
16. The integrated structure of claim 13 , in which each of at least some of the photodetectors includes at least one of the holes.