Prussian blue analogue electrodes without zeolitic water content
A battery is provided with a hexacyanometallate cathode. The battery cathode is made from hexacyanometallate particles overlying a current collector. The hexacyanometallate particles have the chemical formula A X M1 M M2 N (CN) Z .d[H 2 O] ZEO .e[H 2 O] BND , where A is a metal from Groups 1A, 2A, or 3A of the Periodic Table, where M1 and M2 are each a metal with 2+ or 3+ valance positions, where “ ZEO ” and “ BND ” indicate zeolitic and bound water, respectively, where d is 0, and e is greater than 0 and less than 8. The anode material may primarily be a material such as hard carbon, soft carbon, oxides, sulfides, nitrides, silicon, metals, or combinations thereof. The electrolyte is non-aqueous. A method is also provided for fabricating hexacyanometallate with no zeolitic water content in response to dehydration annealing at a temperature of greater than 120 degrees C. and less than 200 degrees C.
1. A battery with a hexacyanometallate cathode, the battery comprising:
a cathode with primarily comprising hexacyanometallate particles overlying a current collector, the hexacyanometallate particles having a chemical formula A X M1 M M2 N (CN) Z .d[H 2 O] ZEO .e[H 2 O] BND ,
where A is a metal from Groups 1A, 2A, or 3A of the Periodic Table;
where M1 is a metal selected from the group consisting of 2+ and 3+ valance positions;
where M2 is a metal selected from the group consisting of 2+ and 3+ valance positions;
where [H 2 O] ZEO represents zeolitic water molecules;
where [H 2 O] BND represents bound water molecules;
where X is in a range of 0.5 to 2;
where M is in a range of 0.5 to 1.5;
where N is in a range of 0.5 to 1.5;
where Z is in a range of 5 to 6;
where d is 0;
where e is in a range of greater than 0 and less than 8;
a non-aqueous electrolyte; and,
an anode.
2. The battery of claim 1 wherein A is selected from the group consisting of Na + , K + , Mg 2+ , Al +3 , Zn +3 , and Ca 2+ .
3. The battery of claim 1 wherein the M1 metal is selected from the group consisting of Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg; and,
wherein the M2 metal is selected from the group consisting of Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg.
4. The battery of claim 1 wherein the M1 metal is selected from the group consisting of the same metal as the M2 metal and a different metal than the M2 metal.
5. The battery of claim 1 wherein the anode material is primarily an electrochemically active material selected from the group consisting of hard carbon, soft carbon, oxides, sulfides, nitrides, silicon, metals, and combinations thereof.
6. The battery of claim 1 wherein the non-aqueous electrolyte is selected from the group consisting of an organic solvent, gel, polymer, and solid electrolytes.
7. A hexacyanometallate cathode comprising:
a current collector;
hexacyanometallate particles as a primary component overlying the current collector, the hexacyanometallate particles having a chemical formula A X M1 M M2 N (CN) Z .d[H 2 O] ZEO .e[H 2 O] BND ,
where A is a metal from Groups 1A, 2A, or 3A of the Periodic Table;
where M1 is a metal selected from the group consisting of 2+ and 3+ valance positions;
where M2 is a metal selected from the group consisting of 2+ and 3+ valance positions;
where [H 2 O] ZEO represents zeolitic water molecules;
where [H 2 O] BND represents bound water molecules;
where X is in a range of 0.5 to 2;
where M is in a range of 0.5 to 1.5;
where N is in a range of 0.5 to 1.5;
where Z is in a range of 5 to 6;
where d is 0; and,
where e is in a range of greater than 0 and less than 8.
8. The cathode of claim 7 wherein A is selected from the group consisting of Na + , K + , Mg 2+ , Al +3 , Zn +3 , and Ca 2+ .
9. The cathode of claim 7 wherein the M1 metal is selected from the group consisting of Ti V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg; and
wherein the M2 metal is selected from the group consisting of Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg.
10. The cathode of claim 7 wherein the M1 metal is selected from the group consisting of the same metal as the M2 metal and a different metal than the M2 metal.
11. A method for fabricating a hexacyanometallate cathode with no zeolitic water content, the method comprising:
providing hexacyanometallate particles as a primary component having a chemical formula A X M1 M M2 N (CN) Z .d1[H 2 O] ZEO .e1[H 2 O] BND ,
where A is a metal from Groups 1A, 2A, or 3A of the Periodic Table;
where M1 is a metal selected from the group consisting of 2+ and 3+ valance positions;
where M2 is a metal selected from the group consisting of 2+ and 3+ valance positions;
where [H 2 O] ZEO represents zeolitic water molecules;
where [H 2 O] BND represents bound water molecules;
where X is in a range of 0.5 to 2;
where M is in a range of 0.5 to 1.5;
where N is in a range of 0.5 to 1.5;
where Z is in a range of 5 to 6;
where d1 is in a range of 1 to 14;
where e1 is greater than 0;
exposing the hexacyanometallate particles to dehydration annealing at a temperature of greater than 120 degrees C. and less than 200 degrees C.; and,
in response to the dehydration annealing, forming A X M1 M M2 N (CN) Z .d[H 2 O] ZEO .e[H 2 O] BND , where d=0 and e1≧e.
12. The method of claim 11 wherein exposing the hexacyanometallate particles to the dehydration annealing includes exposure to a temperature greater than 140 degrees C. and less than 170 degrees C.
13. The method of claim 11 wherein A is selected from the group consisting of Na + , K + , Mg 2+ , Al +3 , Zn +3 , and Ca 2+ .
14. The method of claim 11 wherein the M1 metal is selected from the group consisting of Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg; and,
wherein the M2 metal is selected from the group consisting of Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg.
15. The method of claim 11 wherein the M1 metal is selected from the group consisting of the same metal as the M2 metal and a different metal than the M2 metal.
16. The method of claim 11 wherein e>0.
17. The method of claim 11 further comprising:
mixing the hexacyanometallate particles with a conducting carbon and binder in a solvent, to form a slurry;
coating the slurry on a current collector;
drying the slurry coating to remove the solvent; and,
forming a cathode.
18. The method of claim 17 wherein exposing the hexacyanometallate particles to the dehydration annealing includes exposing the hexacyanometallate particles to the dehydration annealing at a step in the method selected from the group consisting of 1) prior to forming the slurry, 2) subsequent to removing the solvent, and 3) both prior to forming the slurry and subsequent to removing the solvent.