Nucleation-inhibiting coating containing rare earth compounds and devices incorporating same
A device having a plurality of layers comprises a nucleation-inhibiting coating (NIC) disposed on a first layer surface in a first portion of a lateral aspect thereof; and a deposited layer comprised of a deposited material, disposed on a second layer surface, wherein an initial sticking probability against deposition of the deposited layer onto a surface of the NIC in the first portion is substantially less than the initial sticking probability against deposition of the deposited layer onto the second layer surface, such that the NIC is substantially devoid of a closed coating of the deposited material and wherein the NIC comprises a compound containing a rare earth element. The deposited layer can comprise a closed coating on the second layer surface in a second portion of the lateral aspect, and/or a discontinuous layer of at least one particle structure on a surface of the NIC.
1 . A device having a plurality of layers, comprising:
a nucleation-inhibiting coating (NIC) disposed on a first layer surface of an underlying layer in a first portion of a lateral aspect thereof; and
a deposited layer comprised of a deposited material, disposed on a second layer surface;
wherein an initial sticking probability against deposition of the deposited layer onto a surface of the NIC in the first portion is substantially less than the initial sticking probability against deposition of the deposited layer onto the second layer surface, such that the NIC is substantially devoid of a closed coating of the deposited material; and
wherein the NIC comprises a compound containing a rare earth element.
2 . The device of claim 1 , wherein the rare earth element comprises at least one of: cerium (Ce), dysprosium (Dy), erbium (Er), europium (Eu), gadolinium (Gd), holmium (Ho), lanthanum (La), lutetium (Lu), neodymium (Nd), promethium (Pm), praseodymium (Pr), scandium (Sc), samarium (Sm), terbium (Tb), thulium (Tm), yttrium (Y), and ytterbium (Yb).
3 . The device of claim 1 , wherein the rare earth element comprises Ce, Dy, Er, Eu, Gd, Ho, Lu, Nd, Pr, Sm, Tb, Tm, and Yb.
4 . The device of claim 1 , wherein the rare earth element comprises Ce, Dy, Er, Eu, Gd, Ho, Lu, Nd, Sm, Tm, and Yb.
5 . The device of claim 1 , wherein the compound comprises an oxide of the rare earth element.
6 . The device of claim 5 , wherein the oxide comprises at least one of: CeO 2 , Dy 2 O 3 , Er 2 O 3 , Eu 2 O 3 , Gd 2 O 3 , Ho 2 O 3 , La 2 O 3 , Lu 2 O 3 , Nd 2 O 3 , Pr 6 O 11 , Pr 2 O 3 , PrO 2 , Pr 2 O 5 , Pm 2 O 3 , Sm 2 O 3 , Sc 2 O 3 , Tb 7 O 12 , Tb 2 O 3 , TbO 2 , Tb 3 O 7 , Tm 2 O 3 , Yb 2 O 3 , and Y 2 O 3 .
7 . The device of claim 1 , wherein a critical surface energy of the NIC is less than about 30 dynes/cm.
8 . The device of claim 1 , wherein the deposited layer comprises a closed coating on the second layer surface in a second portion of the lateral aspect.
9 . The device of claim 8 , further comprising an interface coating in the second portion, wherein the interface coating comprises the rare earth element.
10 . The device of claim 9 , wherein the second layer surface is a surface of the interface coating.
11 . The device of claim 9 , wherein an oxidation state of the rare earth element in the interface coating is zero.
12 . The device of claim 9 , wherein the interface coating is contiguous with the NIC in the lateral aspect.
13 . The device of claim 9 , wherein the rare earth element comprises Yb.
14 . The device of claim 13 , wherein the interface coating comprises Yb 0 , and the NIC comprises Yb 2 O 3 .
15 . The device of claim 9 , wherein a critical surface energy of the NIC is lower than a critical surface energy of the interface coating.
16 . The device of claim 8 , wherein the second portion comprises at least one emissive region.
17 . The device of claim 16 , wherein the first portion comprises at least part of a non-emissive region.
18 . The device of claim 16 , wherein the emissive region comprises:
a substrate;
a first electrode;
at least one semiconducting layer; and
a second electrode;
wherein the first electrode lies between the substrate and the at least one semiconducting layer; and
wherein the at least one semiconducting layer lies between the first and second electrodes.
19 . The device of claim 18 , wherein the deposited layer is electrically coupled to the second electrode.
20 . The device of claim 18 , wherein the deposited layer forms at least part of the second electrode in the second portion.
21 . The device of claim 18 , wherein the second portion comprises a partition and a third electrode in a sheltered region of the partition, wherein the deposited layer is electrically coupled to the second electrode and the third electrode.
22 . The device of claim 1 , wherein the deposited layer comprises a discontinuous layer of at least one particle structure and the second layer surface is a surface of the NIC.
23 . The device of claim 22 , further comprising at least one covering layer disposed on a surface of the NIC and forming an interface therewith, wherein the deposited layer is located at the interface.
24 . The device of claim 23 , wherein the first portion comprises at least one emissive region and the deposited layer is tuned to enhance out-coupling of at least one electromagnetic signal emitted by the emissive region.
25 . The device of claim 24 , wherein a resonance imparted by the at least one particle structure is tuned by selection of a feature selected from at least one of a characteristic size, size distribution, shape, surface coverage, configuration, dispersity, material of the at least one particle structure, and any combination of any of these.
26 . The device of claim 25 , wherein the resonance is tuned by varying at least one of a deposited thickness of the deposited material, an average film thickness of the NIC, a thickness of the at least one covering layer, a composition of metal in the deposited material, a dielectric constant of the at least one particle structure, an extent to which the NIC is doped with an organic material having a different composition, a refractive index of the NIC, an extinction coefficient of the NIC, a material deposited as the at least one covering layer, a refractive index of the at least one covering layer, an extinction coefficient of the at least one covering layer, and any combination of any of these.
27 . The device of claim 24 , wherein the first portion is substantially limited to the at least one emissive region.
28 . The device of claim 24 , wherein the first portion is bounded by a second portion of the lateral aspect that comprises at least one non-emissive region.
29 . The device of claim 28 , wherein the NIC extends beyond the first portion into the second portion.
30 . The device of claim 24 , wherein the emissive region comprises:
a substrate;
a first electrode;
at least one semiconducting layer; and
a second electrode;
wherein the first electrode lies between the substrate and the at least one semiconducting layer; and
wherein the at least one semiconducting layer lies between the first and second electrodes.
31 . The device of claim 30 , wherein the underlying layer comprises the second electrode.
32 . The device of claim 30 , wherein the underlying layer comprises one of the at least one semiconducting layers.
33 . The device of claim 32 , wherein the underlying layer is selected from at least one of a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, an electron transport layer, and an electron injection layer.
34 . The device of claim 32 , wherein the at least one covering layer is selected from at least one of the electron transport layer and the electron injection layer.
35 . The device of claim 30 , wherein the deposited layer comprises the second electrode.
36 . The device of claim 22 , wherein the deposited layer is formed by deposition of the deposited material across a second portion of the lateral aspect.
37 . The device of claim 36 , wherein the deposited material forms an electrode in the second portion.
38 . The device of claim 37 , wherein the electrode in the second portion is an auxiliary electrode.
39 . The device of claim 37 , wherein the second portion comprises at least one further emissive region and the electrode in the second portion is an electrode of the at least one further emissive region.
40 . The device of claim 39 , wherein the at least one further emissive region comprises:
a substrate;
a first electrode;
at least one semiconducting layer; and
a second electrode;
wherein the first electrode lies between the substrate and the at least one semiconducting layer; and
wherein the at least one semiconducting layer lies between the first and second electrodes.
41 . The device of claim 40 , wherein the electrode in the second portion comprises the second electrode of the at least one further emissive region.
42 . The device of claim 37 , wherein the electrode in the second portion is a closed coating of the deposited material.
43 . The device of claim 1 , wherein the deposited material comprises Mg.