Sodium and potassium ion batteries with halogen salts
A sodium or potassium battery is provided, prior to an initial charge and discharge cycle, with a halogen salt additive. As is conventional, the battery is made up of the following components: an anode, a cathode, and an electrolyte. In addition, the battery includes a halogen salt (MX), where M is a metal and X is a halogen element. The halogen salt is added to the anode, the cathode, the electrolyte, or combinations thereof. The concentration MX with respect to the component(s) to which it is added is in the range of 0.01% to 10% in weight. The element X can be selected from the group of halogen elements listed in the Periodic Table. M is a material such as lithium, sodium, potassium, cesium, magnesium, calcium, barium, titanium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, ammonium, or combinations thereof. Advantageously, the electrolyte may be either aqueous or non-aqueous.
1. A cathode with a halogen salt additive comprising:
a current collector;
a cathode active material capable of respectively releasing and hosting metal ions during charge and discharge cycling; and,
a halogen salt additive (MX) added to the cathode active material, where M is a metal and X is a halogen element.
2. The cathode of claim 1 wherein the cathode active material primarily comprises a material selected from a group consisting of hexacyanometallate, oxides, sulfides, nitrides, and combinations thereof.
3. The cathode of claim 1 wherein M is a material selected from a group consisting of lithium, sodium, potassium, cesium, magnesium, calcium, barium, titanium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, ammonium, and combinations thereof.
4. The cathode of claim 1 wherein the MX concentration with respect to active cathode material is in a range of 0.01% to 10% in weight.