Electroconductive member, process cartridge, and electrophotographic image formation device
Provided is an electrophotographic electroconductive member, including: an electroconductive support; an electroconductive layer; and a surface layer in order, wherein an impedance is 1.0×10 3 Ω to 1.0×10 8 Ω at an outer surface of the electroconductive member, in the surface layer, an electronic electroconductive agent is dispersed, the electroconductive layer has a matrix containing a cross-linked product of a first rubber and domains each containing a cross-linked product of a second rubber and electroconductive particles, and wherein, and wherein among the domains observed in specified observation regions, 80% by number or more of the domains satisfy (1) and (2): (1) a proportion of sectional areas of the electroconductive particles with respect to the domain is 20% or more; (2) A/B is 1.00 to 1.10 when A is a perimeter of the domain and B is an envelope perimeter.
1. An electrophotographic electroconductive member, comprising:
a support having an electroconductive outer surface;
an electroconductive layer on the outer surface of the support, the electroconductive layer having a matrix containing a cross-linked product of a first rubber and domains each containing a cross-linked product of a second rubber and electroconductive particles; and
a surface layer in which an electronic electroconductive agent is dispersed, the surface layer being on an outer surface of the electroconductive layer, wherein
an impedance of 1.0×10 3 to 1.0×10 8 Ω is obtained when a platinum electrode is provided directly on an outer surface of the electrophotographic electroconductive member, and an alternating current voltage is applied between an outer surface of the support and the platinum electrode at an amplitude of 1 V and a frequency of 1.0 Hz under an environment of a temperature of 23° C. and a relative humidity of 50%, and
when L is a length of the electroconductive layer in a longitudinal direction and T is a thickness of the electroconductive layer, and when a 15-micrometer square observation region is placed at three arbitrary positions in a thickness region from an outer surface of the electroconductive layer to a depth of 0.1 to 0.9T on each of cross sections in a thickness direction of the electroconductive layer at three positions: a center of the electroconductive layer in the longitudinal direction, and points from both ends of the electroconductive layer to the center by L/4, among the domains observed in each of the observation regions whose total number of 9, at least 80% by number of the domains satisfy
(1) a proportion of sectional areas of the electroconductive particles contained in the domain with respect to a sectional area of the domain is 20% or more, and
(2) A/B is 1.00 to 1.10 when A is a perimeter, and B is an envelope perimeter.
2. The electrophotographic electroconductive member according to claim 1 , wherein the electroconductive layer is formed by curing a layer of a rubber composition containing the first rubber, and a second rubber mixture comprising the electroconductive particles and the second rubber.
3. The electrophotographic electroconductive member according to claim 1 , wherein the matrix has a volume resistivity ρm of 1.0×10 8 to 1.0×10 17 Ωcm.
4. The electrophotographic electroconductive member according to claim 1 , wherein the domains that satisfy (1) and (2) have an average maximum Feret diameter Df of 0.1 to 5.0 μm.
5. The electrophotographic electroconductive member according to claim 1 , wherein the 15-micrometer square observation region has an average number of 20 to 300 domains.
6. The electrophotographic electroconductive member according to claim 1 , wherein a proportion of the sectional areas of the electroconductive particles with respect to the sectional area of the domain is 30% or less.
7. The electrophotographic electroconductive member according to claim 1 , wherein the electroconductive particles are carbon black particles.
8. The electrophotographic electroconductive member according to claim 7 , wherein the carbon black has a DBP absorption amount of 40 to 80 cm 3 /100 g.
9. The electrophotographic electroconductive member according to claim 7 , wherein an arithmetic average distance Dc between the carbon black particles included in each of the domains that satisfy (1) and (2) is 110 to 130 nm, and
σm/Dc is 0.0 to 0.3 when om is a standard deviation of a distribution of distances between the carbon black particles.
10. The electrophotographic electroconductive member according to claim 1 , wherein a difference in absolute value of a solubility parameter between the first rubber and the second rubber is 0.4 to 4.0 (J/cm 3 ) 0.5 .
11. The electrophotographic electroconductive member according to claim 1 , wherein the matrix has a volume resistivity ρm of 1.0×10 10 to 1.0×10 17 Ωcm.
12. The electrophotographic electroconductive member according to claim 1 , wherein the matrix has a volume resistivity ρm of more than 1.0×10 12 Ωcm and 1.0×10 17 Ωcm or less.
13. The electrophotographic electroconductive member according to claim 1 , wherein the surface layer contains a binder resin and an electronic electroconductive agent dispersed in the binder resin,
a surface of the surface layer has protrusions derived from exposed portions of the electronic electroconductive agent, and
and a universal hardness at a position of a depth of 1 μm from the surface of the surface layer is 1.0 to 7.0 N/mm 2 .
14. The electrophotographic electroconductive member according to claim 13 , wherein the number of the protrusions is 50 to 500, when a region of 2.0 μm in length and 2.0 μm in width on the surface of the surface layer is observed with a scanning electron microscope.
15. The electrophotographic electroconductive member according to claim 1 , wherein the surface layer has a volume resistivity of 1.0×10 10 to 1.0×10 16 Ωcm.
16. The electrophotographic electroconductive member according to claim 1 , wherein the surface layer contains roughening particles having a number average particle diameter of 3 to 30 μm.
17. The electrophotographic electroconductive member according to claim 13 , wherein the binder resin contains a urethane resin.
18. The electrophotographic electroconductive member according to claim 17 , wherein the urethane resin has a urethane group concentration of 1.5 to 6.5%.
19. The electrophotographic electroconductive member according to claim 17 , wherein the urethane resin comprises at least one structure selected from the group consisting of structural formulae (1)-(3)
where R 1 to R 3 independently represent a divalent hydrocarbon group having a straight chain or a branched chain having 4 to 8 carbon atoms.
20. A process cartridge for electrophotography configured to be detachably attachable to a main body of an electrophotographic image forming apparatus, the process cartridge comprising an electrophotographic electroconductive member that comprises:
a support having an electroconductive outer surface;
an electroconductive layer on the outer surface of the support, the electroconductive layer having a matrix containing a cross-linked product of a first rubber and domains each containing a cross-linked product of a second rubber and electroconductive particles; and
a surface layer in which an electronic electroconductive agent is dispersed, the surface layer being on an outer surface of the electroconductive layer, wherein
an impedance of 1.0×10 3 to 1.0×10 8 Ω is obtained when a platinum electrode is provided directly on an outer surface of the electrophotographic electroconductive member, and an alternating current voltage is applied between an outer surface of the support and the platinum electrode at an amplitude of 1 V and a frequency of 1.0 Hz under an environment of a temperature of 23° C. and a relative humidity of 50%, and
when L is a length of the electroconductive layer in a longitudinal direction and T is a thickness of the electroconductive layer, and when a 15-micrometer square observation region is placed at three arbitrary positions in a thickness region from an outer surface of the electroconductive layer to a depth of 0.1 to 0.9T on each of cross sections in a thickness direction of the electroconductive layer at three positions of a center of the electroconductive layer in the longitudinal direction and points from both ends of the electroconductive layer to the center by L/4, among the domains observed in each of the observation regions whose total number of 9, at least 80% by number of the domains satisfy (1) and (2):
(1) a proportion of sectional areas of the electroconductive particles contained in the domain with respect to a sectional area of the domain is 20% or more, and
(2) A/B is 1.00 to 1.10 when A is a perimeter, and B is an envelope perimeter.
21. An electrophotographic image forming apparatus comprising an electrophotographic electroconductive member, the electrophotographic electroconductive member comprising:
a support having an electroconductive outer surface;
an electroconductive layer on the outer surface of the support, the electroconductive layer having a matrix containing a cross-linked product of a first rubber and domains each containing a cross-linked product of a second rubber and electroconductive particles; and
a surface layer in which an electronic electroconductive agent is dispersed, the surface layer being on an outer surface of the electroconductive layer, wherein
an impedance of 1.0×10 3 to 1.0×10 8 Ω is obtained when a platinum electrode is provided directly on an outer surface of the electrophotographic electroconductive member, and an alternating current voltage is applied between an outer surface of the support and the platinum electrode at an amplitude of 1 V and a frequency of 1.0 Hz under an environment of a temperature of 23° C. and a relative humidity of 50%, and
when L is a length of the electroconductive layer in a longitudinal direction and T is a thickness of the electroconductive layer, and when a 15-micrometer square observation region is placed at three arbitrary positions in a thickness region from an outer surface of the electroconductive layer to a depth of 0.1 to 0.9T on each of cross sections in a thickness direction of the electroconductive layer at three positions of a center of the electroconductive layer in the longitudinal direction and points from both ends of the electroconductive layer to the center by L/4, among the domains observed in each of the observation regions whose total number of 9, at least 80% by number of the domains satisfy (1) and (2):
(1) a proportion of sectional areas of the electroconductive particles contained in the domain with respect to a sectional area of the domain is 20% or more, and
(2) A/B is 1.00 to 1.10 when A is a perimeter, and B is an envelope perimeter.